Spectrometry systems, methods, and applications

ABSTRACT

A hand held spectrometer is used to illuminate the object and measure the one or more spectra. The spectral data of the object can be used to determine one or more attributes of the object. In many embodiments, the spectrometer is coupled to a database of spectral information that can be used to determine the attributes of the object. The spectrometer system may comprise a hand held communication device coupled to a spectrometer, in which the user can input and receive data related to the measured object with the hand held communication device. The embodiments disclosed herein allow many users to share object data with many people, in order to provide many people with actionable intelligence in response to spectral data.

CROSS-REFERENCE

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/657,847, filed on Oct. 18, 2019, entitled “Spectrometry Systems,Methods, and Applications” (attorney docket no. 45151-702.314), which isa continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/150,727, filed on Oct. 3,2018, entitled “Spectrometry Systems, Methods, and Applications”(attorney docket no. 45151-702.311), which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/901,627, filed on Feb. 21, 2018, entitled“Spectrometry Systems, Methods, and Applications” (attorney docket no.45151-702.309), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/379,292, filed on Dec. 14, 2016, entitled “Spectrometry Systems,Methods, and Applications”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,933,305 (attorney docketno. 45151-702.307), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/183,114, filed on Jun. 15, 2016, entitled “Spectrometry Systems,Methods, and Applications”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,562,848 (attorney docketno. 45151-702.306), which is a continuation of PCT Application Ser. No.PCT/M2015/050002, filed on Jan. 1, 2015, entitled “Spectrometry Systems,Methods, and Applications” (attorney docket no. 45151-702.602), whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/923,422,filed on Jan. 3, 2014, entitled “Spectroscopic Devices and Systems”(attorney docket no. 45151-702.102), and to U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 61/985,447, filed on Apr. 28, 2014, entitled “SpectroscopicDevices and Systems” (attorney docket no. 45151-702.103), each of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to small, low-cost spectrometry systems. Forexample, it relates to hand-held systems that have sufficientsensitivity and resolution to perform spectroscopic analysis ofsubstances (including complex mixtures, e.g. foodstuffs).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Spectrometers are used for many purposes. For example spectrometers areused in the detection of defects in industrial processes, satelliteimaging, and laboratory research. However these instruments havetypically been too large and too costly for the consumer market.

Spectrometers detect radiation from a sample and process the resultingsignal to obtain and present information about the sample that includesspectral, physical and chemical information about the sample. Theseinstruments generally include some type of spectrally selective elementto separate wavelengths of radiation received from the sample, and afirst-stage optic, such as a lens, to focus or concentrate the radiationonto an imaging array.

The prior spectrometers can be less than ideal in at least somerespects. Prior spectrometers having high resolution can be larger thanideal for use in many portable applications. Also, the cost of priorspectrometers can be greater than would be ideal. The priorspectrometers can be somewhat bulky, difficult to transport and theoptics can require more alignment than would be ideal in at least someinstances.

Although prior spectrometers with decreased size have been proposed, theprior spectrometers having decreased size and optical path length canhave less than ideal resolution, sensitivity and less accuracy thanwould be ideal.

Data integration of prior spectrometers with measured objects can beless than ideal in at least some instances. For example, although priorspectrometers can provide a spectrum of a measured object, the spectrummay be of little significance to at least some users. It would behelpful if a spectrum of a measured object could be associated withattributes of the measured object that are useful to a user. Forexample, although prior spectrometers may be able to measure sugar, itwould be helpful if a spectrometer could be used to determine thesweetness of an object such as an apple. Many other examples exist wherespectral data alone does not adequately convey relevant attributes of anobject, and it would be helpful to provide attributes of an object to auser in response to measured spectral data.

In light of the above, it an improved spectrometer and interpretation ofspectral data that overcomes at least some of the above mentioneddeficiencies of the prior spectrometers would be beneficial. Ideallysuch a spectrometer would be a compact, integrated with a consumerdevice such as a cellular telephone, sufficiently rugged and low in costto be practical for end-user spectroscopic measurements of items,convenient to use. Further, it would be helpful to provide attributedata of many objects are related to the spectral data of the objects tomany people.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved spectrometermethods and apparatus. In many embodiments, a spectrometer is used todetermine one or more spectra of the object, and the one or more spectraare associated with one or more attributes of the object that arerelevant to the user. While the spectrometer can take many forms, inmany embodiments the spectrometer comprises a hand held spectrometerwith wavelength multiplexing in which a plurality of wavelengths areused to illuminate the object and measure the one or more spectra. Thespectral data of the object can be used to determine one or moreattributes of the object. In many embodiments, the spectrometer iscoupled to a database of spectral information that can be used todetermine the attributes of the object. The spectrometer system maycomprise a hand held communication device coupled to a spectrometer, inwhich the user can input and receive data related to the measured objectwith the hand held communication device. The embodiments disclosedherein allow many users to share object data with many people, in orderto provide many people with actionable intelligence in response tospectral data.

In one aspect, an apparatus to measure spectra of an object comprises aspectrometer and a mobile communication device. The mobile communicationdevice may comprise a processor and wireless communication circuitry tocouple to the spectrometer and communicate with a remote server, theprocessor comprising instructions to transmit spectral data of an objectto a remote server and receive object data in response to the spectraldata from the remote server.

In many embodiments, the object data comprises one or more of anidentification of the object, a classification of the object among aplurality of classifications, one or more components of the object, orfood categories of the object.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to display anumber of scans of a class of object, a number of countries associatedwith the number of scans, and a number of sub-classes of the class ofobject.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions for a user totag the spectral data with meta data, the meta data comprising one ormore of an identification of the object, a classification of the object,a date of the spectral data, or a location of the object, and totransmit the spectral data with the meta data to a remote server.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer comprises a hand held spectrometerwith a measurement beam capable of being directed at an object with userhand manipulations when the mobile communication device is operativelycoupled to the hand held spectrometer with wireless communication.

In many embodiments, the mobile communication device comprises a userinterface coupled to the processor for the user to input commands to thespectrometer. The user interface can comprise a touch screen displaycoupled to the spectrometer with the wireless communication circuitry,wherein the processor may comprise instructions to activate the screenof the user interface in response to a spectrometer user input. Thespectrometer user input can comprise one or more buttons.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions for the userto control the spectrometer in response to user input on the mobilecommunication device.

In many embodiments, the hand held spectrometer comprises an opticalhead, a control board, digital signal processing circuitry and wirelesscommunication circuitry arranged to be supported with a hand of a user.

In many embodiments, the spectral data comprises compressed spectraldata and the processor comprises instructions to transmit the compressedspectral data to the remote server.

In many embodiments, the spectral data comprises compressed spectraldata, and the processor comprises instructions to relay the compressedspectral data to the remote server and receive the object data inresponse to the relayed compressed spectral data.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to transmitcontrol instructions to the remote server and to receive controlinstructions from the remote server. The remote server can comprise acloud based server. The remote server can comprise a database and atangible medium embodying instructions of an algorithm to compare thespectral data to the database.

In many embodiments, the remote server comprises instructions to receivecompressed, encrypted spectrometer data, generate a spectrum from thecompressed, encrypted spectrometer data, generate a comparison thespectrum with a database of spectral information, and output one or moreresults of the comparison to the mobile communication device.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to provide aplurality of user navigable screens, the plurality of user navigableuser interface screen configurations comprising one or more of a homescreen, a user data screen, a user tools screen, a scan screen, a screenof a database of objects, or a result screen.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to receive anidentification of the object from the remote server and to display theidentification to the user.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to receive aplurality of possible identifications from the remote server and todisplay the plurality of possible identifications to the user, and toallow the user to select one of the plurality of possibleidentifications and to transmit the selected one to the remote server.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to receiveuser input in response to the user tasting the object and to transmitthe user input to the remote server.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to display agraphical depiction of a plurality of classes of objects of a spectraldatabase of the remote server to the user.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to receive anotification from the remote that a user has scanned a new class ofobjects and to display the notification.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to receive anotification from the remote that a user has scanned a new class ofobjects and to display the notification.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions of a userapplication downloaded onto the mobile communication device and whereinthe mobile communication device comprises a smart phone coupled to thespectrometer with a wireless communication protocol.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to display amessage on the communication device that the communication device iswaiting for a scan of the object from the spectrometer.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to display oneor more spectrometer controls on the mobile communication device.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to display oneor more user selectable applications for the user to operatespectrometer.

In another aspect, an apparatus to measure spectra of an objectcomprises a processor comprising a tangible medium embodyinginstructions of an application. The application can be configured tocouple a mobile communication device to a spectrometer in order toreceive spectral data and to transmit the spectral data to a remoteserver, and receive spectral data from the remote server.

In another aspect, an apparatus comprises a processor comprisinginstructions to receive spectral data from a remote spectrometer andcompare a database of spectral data to the spectral data in order toidentify an object in response to the spectral data.

In another aspect, a method of measuring spectra of an object comprisesproviding a spectrometer and providing a mobile communication device.The mobile communication device may comprise a processor and wirelesscommunication circuitry, to couple the mobile communication device tothe spectrometer and communicate with a remote server. The processor maycomprise instructions to transmit spectral data of an object to a remoteserver and receive object data in response to the spectral data from theremote server.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer comprises a unique identificationand the mobile communication device comprises instructions to receivethe unique identification from the spectrometer with wirelesscommunication and transmit the unique identification to the remoteserver with the spectral data.

In another aspect, an apparatus comprises a mobile communication devicecomprising a processor with instructions to receive spectral data from aspectrometer and a unique identification of the spectrometer.

In another aspect, an apparatus comprises a remote server comprisinginstructions to receive spectral data from a spectrometer and a uniqueidentification of the spectrometer.

In many embodiments, the remote server comprises a centralized cloudbased server configured to receive spectral data from millions ofspectrometers and to transmit object data to the millions ofspectrometers in response to the calibrated spectral data.

In many embodiments, the remote server comprises a plurality of uniqueidentifications for a plurality of spectrometers, and calibration datafor each of the plurality of spectrometers. The calibration data foreach of the plurality of spectrometers may be associated with one of theplurality of unique identifications.

In many embodiments, the remote server comprises instructions todetermine a calibrated spectrum in response to the spectral data, aunique identification of the spectrometer, and calibration data at theremote server associated with the unique identification, the remoteserver comprising instructions to transmit object data to the mobilecommunication device in response to the calibrated spectral data.

In many embodiments, the remote server is configured to receive one ormore of the spectral data, an ambient temperature measured with themobile device, a temperature of the object, a unique identification ofthe spectrometer, or compressed spectral data from the mobilecommunication device coupled to the spectrometer. The remote server canalso be configured to determine a calibrated spectrum in response to theone or more of the ambient temperature measured with the mobile device,the temperature of the object, the unique identification of thespectrometer, or compressed spectral data from the mobile communicationdevice coupled to the spectrometer. The remote server can also beconfigured to determine the object data in response to the calibratedspectrum, and output the object data to the mobile communication device.

In many embodiments, the remote server comprises instructions to receivespectrometer and mobile communication device data from a plurality ofthe mobile communication devices coupled to a plurality ofspectrometers. The remove server can also comprise instructions to storethe spectrometer and mobile communication device data from the pluralityof mobile communication devices coupled to the plurality ofspectrometers on a database of the remote server. The remove server canalso comprise instructions to share the spectrometer and mobilecommunication device data of the database among the plurality of mobilecommunication devices.

In many embodiments, the mobile communication device data comprises oneor more of a location of the spectral data when measured, a storeassociated with the location of the spectral data when measured, a timeof the spectral data, a date of the spectral data, a temperatureassociated with the spectral data, and a user input indicating a type ofthe object as a member of a class of object types.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to display onthe mobile communication device the type of object, a map showingspectral data of similar objects, or an indication of status of thesimilar objects based on the spectral data of the similar objects.

In many embodiments, the processor comprises instructions to download amap of attributes derived from spectral data of a plurality ofspectrometers, the map having locations on the map, a location of astore, and the user interface configured for the user to click on thestore and display object data in response to spectral data for objectsof a type selected by the user.

The processor can be configured with instructions to display a timeprofile of object data in response to spectral data for the type ofobject at the store over time. The processor can be configured withinstructions to display a plurality of time lines comprising a pluralityof object data profiles in response to spectral data for a plurality oftypes of objects at the location with one or more pop up windowsassociated with the location. The plurality of object data profiles cancomprise graphic profiles shown on the display corresponding to one ormore of fruit or dairy products, and corresponding amounts of one ormore of sweetness or fat.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine a solid solublecontent of an unpicked fruit.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine a fertilization statusof an unpicked plant, with non-destructive measurement of a nearinfrared spectrum of the unpicked plant or soil near the plant inresponse to a spectral signature of one or more of nitrogen, phosphate,or potash.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine an on-line in-fieldspectrum analysis of different parts of plants, in order to provideearly detection of stress of the plants and detection diseasedevelopment.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to monitor one or more offertilization, watering or salinity of soil at many points in a fieldalong with measurement location data in the field.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine water content ofleaves of a plant in response to a spectral signature of water, anddisplay the water content to the user in order to provide the plant'swatering status to the user.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine water andfertilization status of soil and to display the water and fertilizationstatus to the user.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to identify a pill in response to aspectral signature of one or more of the medication of the pill or acoating of the pill.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine active ingredientlevels of Cannabis in response to one or more spectral features of aninflorescence of the Cannabis.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine nutrients comprisingone or more of fats, carbohydrates or water and a macro-nutrientestimation comprising an estimate of caloric value.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine a cooking oil qualityassessment in response to one or more of oxidation or acidity levels ofthe oil and display the cooking oil quality assessment to the user.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine food quality inresponse to spectral data of one or more chemical traces related tobacteria or enzymes.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine fruit ripeness inresponse to spectral data of one or more of enzymatic processes or watercontent.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to identify gutter oil in responseto spectral data related to fatty acid composition.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine food safety inresponse to spectral data of one or more hazardous materials in a foodproduct.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine pet food quality inresponse to spectral data of meat and macro-nutrients of pet food.

In many embodiments one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine authenticity of a gemin response to spectral data of the gem.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine a classification of agem in response to spectral data and to sort the gem in response to theclassification.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to identify one or more explosivesin response to spectral data of the object and link explosivesidentified at different places and times.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to identify one or more drugs inresponse to spectral data of the object.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine authentication of analcoholic beverage in response to spectral data of the object.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to identify the object as anauthentic good in response to an infrared spectrum of the object asproof of originality of the object.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine body fat in responseto measured thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue at a plurality oflocations of a human or animal body, wherein the measured thickness isdetermined in response to spectra measured through skin at the pluralityof locations.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine dehydration of a humanor animal subject in response spectral data measured through skin andrelated to skin morphology.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine levels of hemoglobinof a subject in response to spectral data of blood measured through skinor in a sample container.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to test blood and determine bloodcomponents in response to spectral data of a blood sample measured withblood placed in a container.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to analyze urine and determineamounts of one or more of sodium, potassium or creatinine in response tothe spectral data.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to analyze skin to determine thepresence of one or more of lesions, wounds, moles, spots, tissuehypoxia, deep tissue injury or melanoma.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to analyze hair in response to thespectral data of the hair related to one or more of hair type, lotion,shampoo, conditioner or hair lotion cream.

In another aspect, an apparatus to measure an amount of sodium intake ofa subject comprises: a sensor to measure one or more of sodium,potassium or creatinine provided with urine of the subject; and aprocessor comprising instructions to determine the amount of oral sodiumintake in response to the one or more of sodium, potassium or creatinineprovided with the urine.

In many embodiments, the sensor comprises one or more of a spectrometeror an electro-chemical sensor. In many embodiments, the sensor comprisesan embedded sensor placed in one or more of a urinal or a toilet.

In many embodiments, one or more of the processor or a processor of theremote server comprises instructions to determine an amount of thecreatinine provided with urine and the amount of oral sodium intake inresponse to the amount of creatinine. The processor or processor of theremote server may also comprise instructions to determine an amount ofpotassium provided with the urine and the amount of oral sodium intakein response to the amount of potassium.

In many embodiments, the amount of oral sodium intake comprises anormalized amount and one or more of the processor or the processor ofthe remote server comprises instructions to determine the normalizedamount by dividing the amount of sodium by one or more of the amount ofcreatinine provided with the urine or the amount of potassium providedwith the urine.

In another aspect, an optical spectrometer to measure spectra of asample comprises a plurality of light sources, an optical diffuser, oneor more photodetectors, and a circuitry. The plurality of light sourcesare arranged on a support, and the optical diffuser is located at adistance from the plurality of light sources. The one or morephotodetectors receive a multiplexed optical signal from the sampleilluminated with light from the plurality of light sources. Thecircuitry is coupled to the one or more photodetectors to receive themultiplexed optical signal.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer further comprises a second opticaldiffuser located at a second distance greater than the distance from theplurality of light sources. Each of the plurality of light sources maybe mounted on the support, the plurality of light sources arranged in anarray, and the first diffuser and the second diffuser may be arranged toprovide a substantially uniform illumination pattern of the sample. Thesupport may comprise a printed circuit board, and each of the pluralityof light sources may comprise a light emitting diode.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer further comprises a housing tosupport the first diffuser and the second diffuser with fixed distancesfrom the light sources, and the inner surface of the housing comprises aplurality of light absorbing structures to inhibit reflection of lightfrom an inner surface of the housing. The plurality of light absorbingstructures may comprise one or more of a plurality of baffles or aplurality of threads. The inner surface of the housing may define aninner diameter, wherein a separation distance between the first diffuserand the second diffuser may comprise no more than the diameter definedwith the inner surface, and wherein the first diffuser may provide asubstantially uniform illumination pattern on the second diffuser forlight from each of the plurality of light sources.

In many embodiments, the first diffuser is separated from the seconddiffuser with a separation distance greater than the first distance, inorder to illuminate the second diffuser with similar amounts of lightfrom each of the plurality of light sources at each of a plurality oflocations. The second distance may be at least about twice the firstdistance. The similar amounts of light at each of the plurality oflocations may comprise a uniform illumination pattern comprising anenergy profile with an energy profile variation of no more than about 10percent of a mean value across the second diffuser.

In many embodiments, the optical signal comprises a time divisionmultiplexed optical signal or a frequency division multiplexed opticalsignal. The multiplexed optical signal can comprise the frequencydivision multiplexed optical signal in order to inhibit motion relatedsystem noise. The multiplexed optical signal can comprise the frequencydivision multiplexed optical signal, and the circuitry can comprise aprocessor having a tangible medium embodying instructions to determineintensities of light from each of the plurality of light sources inresponse to frequency encoding of each of the plurality of lightsources.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer further comprises drive circuitryconfigured to drive each of the light sources at an identifiablefrequency corresponding to the light source, and the processor comprisesinstructions to determine an intensity of light from said each of theplurality of light sources based on an intensity of the identifiablefrequency.

In many embodiments, the multiplexed optical signal comprises a timedivision multiplexed optical signal, and the circuitry is configured toilluminate the sample with each of the plurality of light sources in asequence and determine the spectrum in response to the light energymeasured with the one or more detectors for said each of the pluralityof light sources of the sequence.

In many embodiments, the one or more photodetectors comprises aplurality of photodetectors to measure light of a plurality ofwavelengths, and the plurality of photodetectors comprises a firstphotodetector to measure visible light and a second photodetector tomeasure infrared light.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer further comprises a lens locatedat a distance from the plurality of photodetectors, the plurality ofphotodetectors located in proximity in order to define a field of viewof the plurality of photodetectors and wherein the field of viewoverlaps with an illumination patter of the plurality of light sources.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer further comprises a third diffuserseparated from the plurality of light sources at a distance greater thanthe first distance and the second distance, in order to providesubstantially uniform illumination with light from each of the pluralityof light sources. The spectrometer may further comprise a plurality oflight absorbing structures located on an inner surface of a housing,between the first diffuser and the second diffuser and between thesecond diffuser and the third diffuser, in order to inhibit reflectionsof the inner surface of the housing.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer further comprises one or morelenses located between the first diffuser and the second diffuser inorder to direct light energy toward the second diffuser.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer further comprises a firstoptically transmissive cover plate located between the first pluralityof light sources and the first diffuser, and a second opticallytransmissive cover plate located on a second side of the second diffuseraway from a first side of the second diffuser. The first side may beoriented toward the plurality of light sources, and a housing may extendaround the first optically transmissive cover plate and the secondoptically transmissive cover plate, in order to enclose the firstdiffuser and the second diffuser with a housing and the first opticallytransmissive cover plate and the second optically transmissive coverplate.

In many embodiments, the plurality of light sources of the spectrometercomprises at least about ten (10) light emitting diodes.

In another aspect, a spectroscopic device for collecting light spectrafrom a material to be analyzed comprises a diffuser, a first filterelement, and a second filter element. The diffuser is configured toreceive incident light from the material to be analyzed and to transmitdiffuse light. The first filter element is configured to receive aportion of the diffuse light transmitted by the diffuser, and output apattern of light angularly related to wavelengths associated with thediffuse light transmitted by the diffuser. The first filter element isresponsive to wavelengths within a first wavelength range. The secondfilter element is configured to receive a portion of the diffuse lighttransmitted by the diffuser, and output a pattern of light angularlyrelated to wavelengths associated with the diffuse light transmitted bythe diffuser. The second filter element is responsive to wavelengthswithin a second wavelength range different from the first wavelengthrange, but the second wavelength range partially overlaps with the firstwavelength range.

In many embodiments, the first wavelength range falls within awavelength range of about 400 nm to about 1100 nm. In many embodiments,the second wavelength range falls within a wavelength range of about 400nm to about 1100 nm. The second wavelength range may overlap the firstwavelength range by at least 2% of the second wavelength range. Thesecond wavelength range may overlap the first wavelength range by anamount of about 1% to 5% of the second wavelength range.

In many embodiments, the first and second filter elements are includedwithin a plurality of filter elements arranged in an array.

In many embodiments, the device further includes at least one processingdevice configured to detect a sodium level in urine based on an outputof the light sensitive detector. In many embodiments, the device furtherincludes at least one processing device configured to detect a urealevel in urine based on an output of the light sensitive detector. Inmany embodiments, the device further includes at least one processingdevice configured to detect an amount of carbohydrates present in foodbased on an output of the light sensitive detector. In many embodiments,the device further includes at least one processing device configured toconfirm the material to be analyzed including an expected pharmaceuticalcomposition based on an output of the light sensitive detector. In manyembodiments, the device further includes at least one processing deviceconfigured to confirm the material to be analyzed including an expectedalcoholic beverage composition based on an output of the light sensitivedetector. In many embodiments, the device includes at least oneprocessing device configured to detect an amount of methanol orgamma-hydroxybutyric acid present in a beverage based on an output ofthe light sensitive detector.

In many embodiments, the overlap between the first wavelength range andthe second wavelength range is configured to provide algorithmiccorrection of gains across outputs of the first filter element and thesecond filter element.

In many embodiments, one or more of the first filter element, the secondfilter element, and a support array of the first and second filterelements may comprise one or more of a black coating configured toabsorb light.

In another aspect, a spectroscopic device for collecting light spectrafrom a material to be analyzed comprises a diffuser, an array offilters, and a light sensitive detector. The diffuser is configured toreceive incident light from the material to be analyzed and to transmitdiffuse light. Each filter in the array of filters is configured toreceive a portion of the diffuse light transmitted by the diffuser, andto output a pattern of light angularly related to wavelengths associatedwith the diffuse light transmitted by the diffuser. At least a firstfilter in the array is configured to induce cross talk in at least asecond filter in the array, such that at least one feature in thepattern of light output by the second filter is associated with leastone feature in the pattern of light output by the first filter, Thelight sensitive detector is configured to receive the pattern of lightoutput by each filter.

In many embodiments, the light received by the first filter results in apattern of non-concentric rings on the light sensitive detector.

In many embodiments, each filter includes an associated lens.

In many embodiments, each filter is associated with a range ofwavelengths.

In many embodiments, a first range of wavelengths associated with afirst filter partially overlaps with a second range of wavelengthsassociated with a second filter.

In many embodiments, the device is further configured such that when twodifferent wavelengths, separated by at least five times a spectralresolution of the spectroscopic device, pass through the array offilters, light from at least two filters impinge on at least one commonpixel of the light sensitive detector.

In many embodiments, the device further comprises at least oneprocessing device configured to stitch together the light output by thearray of filters to generate or reconstruct a spectrum associated withthe incident light.

In many embodiments, the device further includes at least one processingdevice configured to detect a sodium level in urine based on an outputof the light sensitive detector. In many embodiments, the device furtherincludes at least one processing device configured to detect a urealevel in urine based on an output of the light sensitive detector. Inmany embodiments, the device further includes at least one processingdevice configured to detect an amount of carbohydrates present in foodbased on an output of the light sensitive detector. In many embodiments,the device further includes at least one processing device configured toconfirm the material to be analyzed including an expected pharmaceuticalcomposition based on an output of the light sensitive detector. In manyembodiments, the device further includes at least one processing deviceconfigured to confirm the material to be analyzed including an expectedalcoholic beverage composition based on an output of the light sensitivedetector. In many embodiments, the device further includes at least oneprocessing device configured to detect an amount of methanol orgamma-hydroxybutyric acid present in a beverage based on an output ofthe light sensitive detector.

In another aspect, a spectroscopic device for collecting light spectrafrom a material to be analyzed comprises a first radiation emitter, asecond radiation emitter, and a radiation diffusion unit. The firstradiation emitter is configured to emit radiation within a firstwavelength range, and the second radiation emitter configured to emitradiation within a second wavelength range, wherein the secondwavelength range is different from the first wavelength range. Theradiation diffusion unit is configured to receive as an input theradiation emitted from the first radiation emitter and the radiationemitted from the second radiation emitter and to provide as an outputillumination radiation for use in analyzing the material. The radiationdiffusion unit includes a first diffuser element, a second diffuserelement, and at least one lens disposed between the first diffuserelement and the second diffuser element.

In many embodiments, the first diffuser element is placed at an apertureplane of the lens, such that outputs of the first diffuser element ateach of the directions from the first diffuser element are uniform.

In many embodiments, the first radiation emitter includes alight-emitting diode. In many embodiments, the second radiation emitterincludes a light-emitting diode. In many embodiments, at least one ofthe first radiation emitter and the second radiation emitter includes alaser. In many embodiments, the device further includes third and fourthradiation emitters.

In many embodiments, the radiation emitted by the first radiationemitter and the second radiation emitter are time multiplexed.

In many embodiments, the radiation emitted by the first radiationemitter and the second radiation emitter are frequency modulated.

In many embodiments, the radiation emitted by the first radiationemitter and the second radiation emitter are amplitude modulated, eachat a different frequency.

In many embodiments, the device further includes a light sensitivedetector, sensitive to one or more spectral components in light gatheredfrom the material as a result of interaction between the material andthe illumination radiation provided by the radiation diffusion unit.

In many embodiments, the device further includes at least one processingdevice configured to detect a sodium level in urine based on an outputof the light sensitive detector. In many embodiments, the device furtherincludes at least one processing device configured to detect a urealevel in urine based on an output of the light sensitive detector. Inmany embodiments, the device further includes at least one processingdevice configured to detect an amount of carbohydrates present in foodbased on an output of the light sensitive detector. In many embodiments,the device further includes at least one processing device configured toconfirm the material to be analyzed including an expected pharmaceuticalcomposition based on an output of the light sensitive detector. In manyembodiments, the device further includes at least one processing deviceconfigured to confirm the material to be analyzed including an expectedalcoholic beverage composition based on an output of the light sensitivedetector. In many embodiments, the device further includes at least oneprocessing device configured to detect an amount of methanol orgamma-hydroxybutyric acid present in a beverage based on an output ofthe light sensitive detector.

In another aspect, a portable device for analyzing at least one materialfrom an environment comprises a spectrometer and at least one processingdevice. The spectrometer is configured to collect light spectra from theat least one material and provide an output including signalsrepresentative of patterns of light provided to a light sensitivedetector associated with the spectrometer, wherein the patterns of lightare spatially related to wavelengths associated with the light spectracollected from the at least one material. The at least one processingdevice is configured to receive the output of the spectrometer, receivean output from at least one additional sensor, and provide to a displayunit information relating to at least one characteristic of the materialto be analyzed. The one additional sensor is configured to generate asignal associated with at least one aspect of the environment includingthe at least one material. The information provided to the display unitis developed based on analysis of both the output of the spectrometerand the output of the at least one additional sensor.

In many embodiments, the at least one additional sensor is located onthe portable device together with the spectrometer.

In many embodiments, the display unit is located on the portable devicetogether with the spectrometer.

In many embodiments, both the output of the spectrometer and the outputof the at least one additional sensor are analyzed by the at least oneprocessing device.

In many embodiments, the at least one additional sensor includes one ormore of a camera, temperature sensor, capacitance sensor, resistancesensor, conductivity sensor, inductance sensor, altimeter, globalpositioning system unit, turbidity sensor, pH sensor, accelerometer,vibration sensor, biometric sensor, chemical sensor, color sensor,clock, ambient light sensor, microphone, penetrometer, durometer,barcode reader, flowmeter, speedometer, magnetometer, and anotherspectrometer.

In another aspect, a portable analysis system for analyzing at least onematerial from an environment comprises a spectrometer and at least oneprocessing device. The spectrometer is configured to collect lightspectra from the at least one material and provide an output includingsignals representative of patterns of light provided to a lightsensitive detector associated with the spectrometer, wherein thepatterns of light are spatially related to wavelengths associated withthe light spectra collected from the at least one material; and at leastone processing device. The at least one processing device is configuredto generate a user interface for a display. The user interface includesa first user-selectable interface element associated with a first typeof analysis to be performed relative to the light spectra collected fromthe at least one material. The user interface also includes at least asecond user-selectable interface element associated with a second typeof analysis to be performed relative to the light spectra collected fromthe at least one material, wherein the second type of analysis isdifferent from the first type of analysis in at least one aspect. The atleast one processing device is further configured to determine whetherselection of the first user-selectable interface element or selection ofthe second user-selectable interface element has occurred, causeperformance of the type of analysis associated with the selecteduser-interface element, and provide to the display information relatingto the analysis performed.

In many embodiments, the system further includes a display.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer is associated with a first mobiledevice, and the display is associated with a second mobile devicedifferent from the first mobile device. The second mobile device mayinclude a mobile phone.

In many embodiments, one or more of the first type of analysis and thesecond type of analysis relates to one or more of a fat content in food,sugar content in food, protein content in food, gluten content in food,water level in a material, characteristics of wine, characteristics ofcheese, fiber content in food, spoilage agents in food, foodcomposition, pharmaceutical composition, material authenticity, presenceof poisonous materials, gas composition, water quality, and urinecomposition.

In many embodiments, at least one of the first user-selectable interfaceelement and the second user-selectable interface element includes anicon associated with a spectroscopic analysis application.

In many embodiments, at least one of the first user-selectable interfaceelement and the second user-selectable interface element includes ananalysis identifier included among a plurality of available analysisfunctions. The analysis identifier may include an image. The analysisidentifier may include text.

In many embodiments, analysis data can be shared between applicationsassociated with the first user-selectable interface element and thesecond user-selectable interface element.

In many embodiments, the system further includes at least a thirduser-selectable interface element associated with a third type ofanalysis to be performed relative to the light spectra collected fromthe at least one material, wherein the third type of analysis includesat least one aspect different from the first type of analysis and thesecond type of analysis.

In another aspect, a portable analysis system for analyzing at least onematerial from an environment comprises a spectrometer and at least oneprocessing device. The spectrometer is configured to collect lightspectra from the at least one material and provide an output includingsignals representative of patterns of light provided to a lightsensitive detector associated with the spectrometer, wherein thepatterns of light are spatially related to wavelengths associated withthe light spectra collected from the at least one material; and at leastone processing device. The at least one processing device is configuredto receive the output from the spectrometer. The processing device isfurther configured to select, based on the output, between a first typeof analysis to be performed relative to the light spectra collected fromthe at least one material and a second type of analysis to be performedrelative to the light spectra collected from the at least one material.The second type of analysis may be different from the first type ofanalysis in at least one respect. The processing device is furtherconfigured to cause performance of the selected type of analysis, andprovide to a display information relating to the automatically selectedtype of analysis to be performed.

In many embodiments, selection between the first and second type ofanalysis is automatically performed based on at least one characteristicof the output provided by the spectrometer. The at least onecharacteristic may be indicative of a material that includes wine. Theat least one characteristic may be indicative of a material thatincludes cheese. The at least one characteristic may be indicative of amaterial that includes multiple food types.

In many embodiments, the selection between the first and second type ofanalysis may be based on user input.

In many embodiments, one or more of the first type of analysis and thesecond type of analysis relates to one or more of a fat content in food,sugar content in food, protein content in food, gluten content in food,water level in a material, characteristics of wine, characteristics ofcheese, fiber content in food, spoilage agents in food, foodcomposition, pharmaceutical composition, material authenticity, presenceof poisonous materials, gas composition, water quality, and urinecomposition.

In many embodiments, the system further includes an image capture deviceconfigured to acquire image data representative of the environment. Theimage capture device can include a camera, wherein the at least oneprocessing device is further configured to: receive the image dataacquired by the image capture device; and use at least a portion of theimage data in the selection of the first type of analysis or the secondtype of analysis.

In many embodiments, the at least one processing device is configured torecognize a characteristic of the at least one material from theenvironment based on the image data and select between the first type ofanalysis and the second type of analysis based on the recognizedcharacteristic. The recognized characteristic may be that the at leastone material includes one or more of a wine, cheese, or other food type.

In many embodiments, the selection of the first and second types ofanalysis may be further based on a predetermined hierarchy.

In many embodiments, the system further comprises a display.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer is associated with a first mobiledevice, and the display is associated with a second mobile devicedifferent from the first mobile device. The second mobile device caninclude a mobile phone.

In another aspect, a spectroscopic device for analyzing characteristicsof fuel comprises a diffuser configured to receive incident light fromthe material to be analyzed and to transmit diffuse light, and an arrayof filters. Each filter is configured to receive a portion of thediffuse light transmitted by the diffuser and output a pattern of lightangularly related to wavelengths associated with the diffuse lighttransmitted by the diffuser. The device further comprises a lightsensitive detector is configured to receive the patterns of light outputfrom the array of filters and provide an output signal representative ofthe received patterns of light. The device further comprises at leastone processing device. The at least one processing device is configuredto receive the output signal of the light sensitive detector anddetermine, based on analysis of the output signal, at least onecharacteristic associated with the fuel. The processing device isfurther configured to provide to a display information relating to theat least one characteristic.

In many embodiments, the device may further include an array of lensesdisposed between the array of filters and the light sensitive detector,wherein each lens in the array of lenses is associated with acorresponding filter in the array of filters.

In many embodiments, the at least one characteristic includes adetermined type associated with the fuel. In many embodiments, the atleast one characteristic includes a determined contaminant levelassociated with the fuel. In many embodiments, the at least onecharacteristic includes a determined octane level associated with thefuel. In many embodiments, the at least one characteristic includes adetermined cetane level associated with the fuel. In many embodiments,the at least one characteristic includes a substance compositionassociated with the fuel.

In many embodiments, the device further comprises a display.

In many embodiments, the device is configured for integration with avehicle component. The vehicle component may include a fuel systemcomponent of the vehicle. The vehicle component may include at least oneof a fuel tank, fuel line, or a fuel injector of the vehicle.

In another aspect, a spectroscopic device for analyzing characteristicsof an agricultural product comprises a diffuser configured to receiveincident light from the material to be analyzed and to transmit diffuselight, and an array of filters. Each filter is configured to receive aportion of the diffuse light transmitted by the diffuser and output apattern of light angularly related to wavelengths associated with thediffuse light transmitted by the diffuser. The device further comprisesa light sensitive detector configured to receive the patterns of lightoutput from the array of filters and provide an output signalrepresentative of the received patterns of light. The device furthercomprises at least one processing device. The processing device isconfigured to receive the output signal of the light sensitive detector,determine, based on analysis of the output signal, at least onecharacteristic associated with the fuel, and provide to a displayinformation relating to the at least one characteristic.

In many embodiments, the device further includes an array of lensesdisposed between the array of filters and the light sensitive detector,wherein each lens in the array of lenses is associated with acorresponding filter in the array of filters.

In many embodiments, the at least one characteristic includes adetermined type associated with the agricultural product. In manyembodiments, the at least one characteristic includes a determinedripeness level of the agricultural product. In many embodiments, the atleast one characteristic includes a determined moisture level of theagricultural product.

In many embodiments, the agricultural product includes at least one ofgrain, rice, coffee, spice, oil-seed, or forage. In many embodiments,the agricultural product includes milk, and the at least onecharacteristic includes a determined fat content of the milk.

In many embodiments, the device further includes at least one sensorconfigured to provide an output from which another characteristic of theagricultural product can be determined.

In many embodiments, the at least one processing device is configured toprovide to the display information determined based on the at least onecharacteristic and the another characteristic. The anothercharacteristic may include a firmness level.

In many embodiments, the device may further comprise a display.

In many embodiments, the device is configured to detect methanol in analcoholic beverage. In many embodiments, the device is configured todetect melamine in dairy products.

In another aspect, a spectroscopic device for analyzing characteristicsof a power converting component comprises a diffuser configured toreceive incident light from the material to be analyzed and to transmitdiffuse light and an array of filters. Each filter is configured toreceive a portion of the diffuse light transmitted by the diffuser andoutput a pattern of light angularly related to wavelengths associatedwith the diffuse light transmitted by the diffuser. The device furthercomprises a light sensitive detector, configured to receive the patternsof light output from the array of filters and provide an output signalrepresentative of the received patterns of light. The device furthercomprises a data interface and at least one processing device. The atleast one processing device may be configured to receive the outputsignal of the light sensitive detector, determine, based on analysis ofthe output signal, at least one characteristic associated with the fuel,and provide to a display information relating to the at least onecharacteristic.

In many embodiments, the device may further comprise an array of lensesdisposed between the array of filters and the light sensitive detector,wherein each lens in the array of lenses is associated with acorresponding filter in the array of filters.

In many embodiments, the at least one characteristic includes adetermined condition associated with a fluid, the fluid associated withthe power converting component.

In many embodiments, the device further comprises a display.

In another aspect, a server-based spectroscopic analysis engine systemcomprises a data interface, a database, and at least one processingdevice. The at least one processing device is configured to receive aspectroscopic analysis request from each of a plurality of analysisrequesters. Each spectroscopic analysis request is received via the datainterface and includes data representing at least one acquired lightspectrum and one or more pieces of accompanying data associated with thelight spectrum. The processing device is further configured to analyze,for each analysis request, the acquired light spectrum and the one ormore pieces of accompanying data associated with the light spectrumusing spectroscopic information stored in the database and compile alist of analysis results, for each respective analysis request, based onalgorithms associated with the database. The processing device isfurther configured to update the database, for each analysis request,with the at least one acquired light spectrum and the one or more piecesof accompanying data associated with the light spectrum. The processingdevice is further configured to provide, for each analysis request, thelist of analysis results compiled for the respective analysis request.

In many embodiments, the update to the database is performed only if theone or more pieces of accompanying data are determined to representvalid data associated with the light spectrum.

In many embodiments, the one or more pieces of information include oneor more conditions associated with collection of the acquired lightspectrum, including at least one of a temperature, a geographiclocation, a category of a material, a type of a material, a chemicalcomposition, a time, an appearance of a material, a color of a material,a taste of a material, a smell of a material, and an observablecharacteristic associated with a material.

In many embodiments, the data interface is configured to transmit andreceive communications from the Internet.

In many embodiments, the acquired light spectrum includes at least oneof an absorption spectrum, a fluorescence spectrum, and a Ramanspectrum.

In many embodiments, the analysis results include one or more of anidentification of a material, a freshness of a material, an image of amaterial, and a textual description of a material.

In many embodiments, the system is configured to provide a userinterface on a user device, the user interface including analysisrequest data inputs. The data interface may be configured to receive theanalysis request as data provided by the user to the analysis requestdata inputs.

In another aspect, a server-based spectroscopic system comprises a datainterface, a database configured to store spectroscopic data andassociated preference data for each of a plurality of users, and atleast one processing device. The at least one processing device isconfigured to receive a recommendation request from a device associatedwith a user from among the plurality of users. The recommendationrequest is received via the data interface and includes datarepresenting at least one acquired light spectrum. The processing deviceis further configured to analyze the acquired light spectrum usingspectroscopic information stored in the database for the user, andgenerate at least one recommendation based on the analysis, and toprovide the recommendation to the user device via the data interface.

In many embodiments, the at least one processing device is furtherconfigured to receive a preference update from a device of the user,wherein the preference update is received via the data interface andincludes data representing at least one acquired light spectrum and atleast one indicator of user preference, and updates the database withthe at least one acquired light spectrum and the at least one indicatorof user preference.

In many embodiments, the acquired light spectrum includes at least oneof an absorption spectrum, a fluorescence spectrum, and a Ramanspectrum.

In another aspect, a server-based spectroscopic system comprises asensor configured to collect data from a material, a communicationdevice configured to transmit the collected data to a cloud-basedserver, a cloud-based server configured to analyze the data transmittedfrom the communication device, and a device configured to receiveanalysis results from the cloud-based server and present the analysisresults to a user.

In many embodiments, the sensor comprises an optical spectroscopysystem, wherein the optical spectroscopy system comprises an opticalspectrometer, an illumination light source, and a processing device. Thesystem is configured to produce a spectrum that corresponds to one ormore chemical or physical properties of the material.

In many embodiments, the optical spectrometer has dimensions smallerthan 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm.

In many embodiments, the communication device is a mobile phone.

In many embodiments, the communication device receives the collecteddata from the sensor using wireless communication.

In many embodiments, the cloud-based server comprises a database ofspectra. The database of spectra may be updatable. The cloud-basedserver may comprise one or more algorithms for data analysis. Thecloud-based server may support more than one sensor or more than oneuser. The more than one sensors may be configured and calibrated tosupport the same database.

In many embodiments, the sensor has a warm-up time of less than 5seconds. In many embodiments, the sensor has a warm-up time of less than1 second.

In many embodiments, the illumination light source comprises one or morelight-emitting diodes. In many embodiments, the illumination lightsource is broad-band. In many embodiments, the illumination light sourcecomprises one or more lasers.

In many embodiments, the system comprises one or more applicationsallowing users to perform a specific operation.

In many embodiments, the system is configured to provide to the users amethod for developing applications. In many embodiments, the method fordeveloping applications comprises a method for creating a new database.

In many embodiments, a spectroscopic device may further comprise one ormore lens elements having a shape such that an output of each lenselement is configured to have a point-spread-function size that islarger than optimal, thereby increasing a depth-of-field of the one ormore lens elements.

In many embodiments, a spectroscopic device may further comprise one ormore lens elements having an aspheric shape profile configured todistort an output of each lens element, such that the output width of aring of a wavelength of said each lens element comprises reducednon-linearity with respect to an angle of an incident light beam.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of a compact spectrometer, in accordancewith embodiments.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer system, in accordancewith embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the compact spectrometer of FIG. 1,in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of an optical layout in accordance withembodiments.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer head, in accordancewith embodiments.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic drawing of cross-section A of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 5, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic drawing of cross-section B of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 5, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 8 shows an isometric view of a spectrometer module in accordancewith embodiments.

FIG. 9 shows the lens array within the spectrometer module, inaccordance with embodiments.

FIG. 10 shows a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of thespectrometer head, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of thespectrometer head, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram of a cross-section of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 shows an array of LEDs of the spectrometer head of FIG. 11arranged in rows and columns, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 14 shows a schematic diagram of a radiation diffusion unit of thespectrometer head of FIG. 11, in accordance with embodiments.

FIGS. 15A and 15B show examples of design options for the radiationdiffusion unit of FIG. 13, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 16 shows a schematic diagram of the data flow in the spectrometer,in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 17 shows a schematic diagram of the data flow in the hand helddevice, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 18 shows a schematic diagram of the data flow in the cloud basedstorage system, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 19 shows a schematic diagram of the flow of the user interface(UI), in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of how a user may navigate throughdifferent components of the UI of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21A shows an exemplary mobile application UI screen correspondingto a component of the UI of FIG. 19.

FIGS. 21B and 21C show an exemplary mobile application UI screencorresponding to components of the UI of FIG. 19.

FIGS. 22A-22F show a method for a processor of a hand held device toprovide the user interface of FIG. 19, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 23 shows a method for performing urine analysis using aspectrometer system in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 24 shows exemplary spectra of plums and cheeses, suitable forincorporation in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 25 shows exemplary spectra of cheeses comprising various fatlevels, suitable for incorporation in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 26 shows exemplary spectra of plums comprising various sugarlevels, suitable for incorporation in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 27 shows exemplary spectra of aqueous solutions comprising variouslevels of creatinine, suitable for incorporation in accordance withembodiments.

FIG. 28 shows exemplary spectra of aqueous solutions comprising variouslevels of sodium, suitable for incorporation in accordance withembodiments.

FIG. 29 shows exemplary spectra of aqueous solutions comprising variouslevels of potassium, suitable for incorporation in accordance withembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, various aspects of the invention will bedescribed. For the purposes of explanation, specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. Itwill be apparent to one skilled in the art that there are otherembodiments of the invention that differ in details without affectingthe essential nature thereof. Therefore the invention is not limited bythat which is illustrated in the figure and described in thespecification, but only as indicated in the accompanying claims, withthe proper scope determined only by the broadest interpretation of saidclaims.

A better understanding of the features and advantages of the presentdisclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detaileddescription that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which theprinciples of embodiments of the present disclosure are utilized, andthe accompanying drawings.

The embodiments disclosed herein can be combined in one or more of manyways to provide improved spectrometer methods and apparatus. One or morecomponents of the embodiments disclosed herein can be combined with eachother in many ways. In many embodiments, a spectrometer as describedherein can be used to generate spectral data of the object, and thespectral data of the object transmitted to a cloud based server in orderto determine one or more attributes of the object. Alternatively or incombination, data of the cloud based server can be made available toboth users and non-users of the spectrometers in order to provide usefulinformation related to attributes of measured objects. The data of thecloud based server can be made available to users and non-users in manyways, for example with downloadable apps capable of connecting to thecloud based server and downloading information related to spectra ofmany objects.

The embodiments disclosed herein are also capable of providing adatabase of attributes of many objects related to spectral data. Amobile communication device can be configured for a user to inputattributes of one or more measured objects in order to construct adatabase based on spectral data of many measured objects.

As used herein like characters refer to like elements.

As used herein “light” encompasses electromagnetic radiation havingwavelengths in one or more of the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredportions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

As used herein, the term “dispersive” is used, with respect to opticalcomponents, to describe a component that is designed to separatespatially, the different wavelength components of a polychromatic beamof light. Non-limiting examples of “dispersive” optical elements by thisdefinition include diffraction gratings and prisms. The termspecifically excludes elements such as lenses that disperse lightbecause of non-idealities such as chromatic aberration or elements suchas interference filters that have different transmission profilesaccording to the angle of incident radiation. The term also excludes thefilters and filter matrixes described herein.

As used herein the term “store” encompasses a structure that storesobjects, such as a crate or building.

Overview of Compact Spectrometer System

FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of a compact spectrometer, in accordancewith embodiments. The spectrometer 102 can be used a general purposematerial analyzer for many applications, as described in further detailherein. In particular, the spectrometer 102 can be used to identifymaterials or objects, provide information regarding certain propertiesof the identified materials, and accordingly provide users withactionable insights regarding the identified materials. The spectrometer102 comprises a spectrometer head 120 configured to be directed towardsa sample material. The spectrometer head 120 comprises a spectrometermodule 160, configured to obtain spectral information associated withthe sample material. The spectrometer may comprise simple means forusers to control the operation of the spectrometer, such as operatingbutton 1006. The compact size of the spectrometer 102, in someembodiments smaller than 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm, can provide a hand held devicethat can be directed (e.g., pointed) at a material to rapidly obtaininformation about the material.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a spectrometer system, in accordancewith embodiments. In many embodiments, the spectrometer system 100comprises a spectrometer 102 as described herein and a hand held device110 in wireless communication 116 with a cloud based server or storagesystem 118. The spectrometer 102 can acquire the data as describedherein. The hand held spectrometer 102 may comprise a processor 106 andcommunication circuitry 104 coupled to the spectrometer head 120 havingspectrometer components as described herein. The spectrometer cantransmit the data to the hand held device 110 with communicationcircuitry 104 with a communication link, such as a wireless serialcommunication link, for example Bluetooth™. The hand held device canreceive the data from the spectrometer 102 and transmit the data to thecloud based storage system 118. The data can be processed and analyzedby the cloud based server 118, and transmitted back to the hand helddevice 110 to be displayed to the user.

The spectrometer system may allow multiple users to connect to the cloudbased server 118 via their hand held devices 110, as described infurther detail herein. In some embodiments, the server 118 may beconfigured to simultaneously communicate with up to millions of handheld devices 110. The ability of the system to support a large number ofusers and devices at the same time can allow users of the system toaccess, in some embodiments in real-time, large amounts of informationrelating to a material of interest. Access to such information mayprovide users with a way of making informed decisions relating to amaterial of interest.

The hand held device 110 may comprise one or more components of a smartphone, such as a display 112, an interface 114, a processor, a computerreadable memory and communication circuitry. The device 110 may comprisea substantially stationary device when used, such as a wirelesscommunication gateway, for example.

The processor 106 may comprise a tangible medium embodying instructions,such as a computer readable memory embodying instructions of a computerprogram. Alternatively or in combination the processor may compriselogic such as gate array logic in order to perform one or more logicsteps.

Because of its small size and low complexity, the compact spectrometersystem herein disclosed can be integrated into a mobile communicationdevice such as a cellular telephone. It can either be enclosed withinthe device itself, or mounted on the device and connected to it by wiredor wireless means for providing power and a data link. By incorporatingthe spectrometer system into a mobile device, the spectra obtained canbe uploaded to a remote location, analysis can be performed there, andthe user notified of the results of the analysis. The spectrometersystem can also be equipped with a GPS device and/or altimeter so thatthe location of the sample being measured can be reported. Furthernon-limiting examples of such components include a camera for recordingthe visual impression of the sample and sensors for measuring suchenvironmental variables as temperature and humidity.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the compact spectrometer of FIG. 1,in accordance with embodiments. The spectrometer 102 may comprise aspectrometer head 120 and a control board 105. The spectrometer head 102may comprise one or more of a spectrometer module 160 and anillumination module 140, which together can be configured to measurespectroscopic information relating to a sample material. Thespectrometer head 102 may further comprise one or more of a sensormodule 130, which can be configured to measure non-spectroscopicinformation relating to a sample material. The control board 105 maycomprise one or more of a processor 106, communication circuitry 104,and memory 107. Components of the control board 105 can be configured totransmit, store, and/or analyze data, as described in further detailherein.

The sensor module 130 can enable the identification of the samplematerial based on non-spectroscopic information in addition to thespectroscopic information measured by the spectrometer module 160. Sucha dual information system may enhance the accuracy of detection oridentification of the material.

The sensor element of sensor module 130 may comprise any sensorconfigured to generate a non-spectroscopic signal associated with atleast one aspect of the environment, including the material beinganalyzed. For example, the sensor element may comprise one or more of acamera, temperature sensor, electrical sensor (capacitance, resistance,conductivity, inductance), altimeter, GPS unit, turbidity sensor, pHsensor, accelerometer, vibration sensor, biometric sensor, chemicalsensor, color sensor, clock, ambient light sensor, microphone,penetrometer, durometer, barcode reader, flowmeter, speedometer,magnetometer, and another spectrometer.

The output of the sensor module 130 may be associated with the output ofthe spectrometer module 160 via at least one processing device of thespectrometer system. The processing device may be configured to receivethe outputs of the spectrometer module and sensor module, analyze bothoutputs, and based on the analysis provide information relating to atleast one characteristic of the material to a display unit. A displayunit may be provided on the device in order to allow display of suchinformation.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer module comprises one or more lenselements. Each lens can be made of two surfaces, and each surface may bean aspheric surface. In designing the lens for a fixed-focus system, itmay be desirable to reduce the system's sensitivity to the exactlocation of the optical detector on the z-axis (the axis perpendicularto the plane of the optical detector), in order to tolerate largervariations and errors in mechanical manufacturing. To do so, thepoint-spread-function (PSF) size and shape at the nominal position maybe traded off with the depth-of-field (DoF) length. For example, alarger-than-optimal PSF size may be chosen in return for an increase inthe DoF length. One or more of the aspheric lens surfaces of each lensof a plurality of lenses can be shaped to provide the increased PSF sizeand the increased DoF length for each lens. Such a design may helpreduce the cost of production by enabling the use of mass productiontools, since mass production tools may not be able to meet stringenttolerance requirements associated with systems that are comparativelymore sensitive to exact location of the optical detector.

In some embodiments, the measurement of the sample is performed usingscattered ambient light.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer system comprises a light orillumination source. The light source can be of any type (e.g. laser orlight-emitting diode) known in the art appropriate for the spectralmeasurements to be made. In some embodiments the light source emits from350 nm to 1100 nm. The wavelength(s) and intensity of the light sourcewill depend on the particular use to which the spectrometer will be put.In some embodiments the light source emits from 0.1 mW to 500 mW.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer also includes a power source (e.g.a battery or power supply). In some embodiments the spectrometer ispowered by a power supply from a consumer hand held device (e.g. a cellphone). In some embodiments the spectrometer has an independent powersupply. In some embodiments a power supply from the spectrometer cansupply power to a consumer hand held device.

The spectrometers as described herein can be adapted, with proper choiceof light source, detector, and associated optics, for a use with a widevariety of spectroscopic techniques. Non-limiting examples includeRaman, fluorescence, and IR or UV-VIS reflectance and absorbancespectroscopies. Because, as described above, compact spectrometer systemcan separate a Raman signal from a fluorescence signal, in someembodiments of the invention, the same spectrometer is used for bothspectroscopies.

In some embodiments, the spectrometer does not comprise a monochromator.

Spectrometer Using Secondary Emission Illumination with Filter-BasedOptics

Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which illustrates non-limitingembodiments of the compact spectrometer system 100 herein disclosed. Thesystem comprises a spectrometer 102, which comprises various modulessuch as a spectrometer module 160. As illustrated, the spectrometermodule 160 may comprise a diffuser 164, a filter matrix 170, a lensarray 174 and a detector 190.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer system comprises a plurality ofoptical filters of filter matrix 170. The optical filter can be of anytype known in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable optical filtersinclude Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators, cascaded FP resonators, andinterference filters. For example, a narrow bandpass filter (≤10 nm)with a wide blocking range outside of the transmission band (at least200 nm) can be used. The center wavelength (CWL) of the filter can varywith the incident angle of the light impinging upon it.

In many embodiments, the central wavelength of the central band can varyby 10 nm or more, such that the effective range of wavelengths passedwith the filter is greater than the bandwidth of the filter. In manyembodiments, the central wavelength varies by an amount greater than thebandwidth of the filter. For example, the bandpass filter can have abandwidth of no more than 10 nm and the wavelength of the central bandcan vary by more than 10 nm across the field of view of the sensor.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer system comprises a filter matrix.The filter matrix can comprise one or more filters, for example aplurality of filters. The use of a single filter can limit the spectralrange available to the spectrometer. A filter can be an element thatonly permits transmission of a light signal with a predeterminedincident angle, polarization, wavelength, and/or other property. Forexample, if the angle of incidence of light is larger than 30°, thesystem may not produce a signal of sufficient intensity due to lensaberrations and the decrease in the efficiency of the detector at largeangles. For an angular range of 30° and an optical filter centerwavelength (CWL) of ˜850 nm, the spectral range available to thespectrometer can be about 35 nm, for example. As this range can beinsufficient for some spectroscopy based applications, embodiments withlarger spectral ranges may comprise an optical filter matrix composed ofa plurality of sub-filters. Each sub-filter can have a different CWL andthus covers a different part of the optical spectrum. The sub-filterscan be configured in one or more of many ways and be tiled in twodimensions, for example.

Depending on the number of sub-filters, the wavelength range accessibleto the spectrometer can reach hundreds of nanometers. In embodimentscomprising a plurality of sub-filters, the approximate Fouriertransforms formed at the image plane (i.e. one per sub-filter) overlap,and the signal obtained at any particular pixel of the detector canresult from a mixture of the different Fourier transforms.

In some embodiments the filter matrixes are arranged in a specific orderto inhibit cross talk on the detector of light emerging from differentfilters and to minimize the effect of stray light. For example, if thematrix is composed of 3×4 filters then there are 2 filters located atthe interior of the matrix and 10 filters at the periphery of thematrix. The 2 filters at the interior can be selected to be those at theedges of the wavelength range. Without being bound by a particulartheory the selected inner filters may experience the most spatialcross-talk but be the least sensitive to cross-talk spectrally.

In many embodiments the spectrometer module comprises a lens array 174.The lens array can comprise a plurality of lenses. The number of lensesin the plurality of lenses can be determined such that each filter ofthe filter array corresponds to a lens of the lens array. Alternativelyor in combination, the number of lenses can be determined such that eachchannel through the support array corresponds to a lens of the lensarray. Alternatively or in combination, the number of lenses can beselected such that each region of the plurality of regions of the imagesensor corresponds to an optical channel and corresponding lens of thelens array and filter of the filter array.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer system comprises detector 190,which may comprise an array of sensors. In many embodiments, thedetector is capable of detecting light in the wavelength range ofinterest. The compact spectrometer system disclosed herein can be usedfrom the UV to the IR, depending on the nature of the spectrum beingobtained and the particular spectral properties of the sample beingtested. The detector can be sensitive to one or more of ultravioletwavelengths of light, visible wavelengths of light, or infraredwavelengths of light. In some embodiments, a detector that is capable ofmeasuring intensity as a function of position (e.g. an array detector ora two-dimensional image sensor) is used.

In some embodiments the spectrometer does not comprise a cylindricalbeam volume hologram (CVBH).

The detector can be located in a predetermined plane. The predeterminedplane can be the focal plane of the lens array. Light of differentwavelengths (X1, X2, X3, X4, etc.) can arrive at the detector as aseries of substantially concentric circles of different radiiproportional to the wavelength. The relationship between the wavelengthand the radius of the corresponding circle may not be linear.

The detector, in some embodiments, receives non-continuous spectra, forexample spectra that can be unlike a dispersive element would create.The non-continuous spectra can be missing parts of the spectrum. Thenon-continuous spectrum can have the wavelengths of the spectra at leastin part spatially out of order, for example. In some embodiments, firstshort wavelengths contact the detector near longer wavelengths, andsecond short wavelengths contact the detector at distances further awayfrom the first short wavelengths than the longer wavelengths.

The detector may comprise a plurality of detector elements, such aspixels for example. Each detector element may be configured so as toreceive signals of a broad spectral range. The spectral range receivedon a first and second pluralities of detector elements may extend atleast from about 10 nm to about 400 nm. In many embodiments, spectralrange received on the first and second pluralities of detector elementsmay extend at least from about 10 nm to about 700 nm. In manyembodiments, spectral range received on the first and second pluralitiesof detector elements may extend at least from about 10 nm to about 1600nm. In many embodiments, spectral range received on the first and secondpluralities of detector elements may extend at least from about 400 nmto about 1600 nm. In many embodiments, spectral range received on thefirst and second pluralities of detector elements may extend at leastfrom about 700 nm to about 1600 nm.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer system comprises a diffuser. Inembodiments in which the light emanating from the sample is notsufficiently diffuse, a diffuser can be placed in front of otherelements of the spectrometer. The diffuser can be placed in a light pathbetween a light emission and a detector and/or filter. Collimated (orpartially collimated light) can impinge on the diffuser, which thenproduces diffuse light which then impinges on other aspects of thespectrometer, e.g. an optical filter.

In many embodiments the lens array, the filter matrix, and the detectorare not centered on a common optical axis. In many embodiments the lensarray, the filter matrix, and the detector are aligned on a commonoptical axis.

In many embodiments, the principle of operation of compact spectrometercomprises one or more of the following attributes. Light impinges uponthe diffuser and at least a fraction of the light is transmitted throughthe diffuser. The light next impinges upon the filter matrix at a widerange of propagation angles and the spectrum of light passing throughthe sub-filters is angularly encoded. The angularly encoded light thenpasses through the lens array (e.g. Fourier transform focusing elements)which performs (approximately) a spatial Fourier transform of theangle-encoded light, transforming it into a spatially-encoded spectrum.Finally the light reaches the detector. The location of the detectorelement relative to the optical axis of a lens of the array correspondsto the wavelength of light, and the wavelength of light at a pixellocation can be determined based on the location of the pixel relativeto the optical axis of the lens of the array. The intensity of lightrecorded by the detector element such as a pixel as a function ofposition (e.g. pixel number or coordinate reference location) on thesensor corresponds to the resolved wavelengths of the light for thatposition.

In some embodiments, an additional filter is placed in front of thecompact spectrometer system in order to block light outside of thespectral range of interest (i.e. to prevent unwanted light from reachingthe detector).

In embodiments in which the spectral range covered by the opticalfilters is insufficient, additional sub-filters with differing CWLs canbe used.

In some embodiments, shutters allow for the inclusion or exclusion oflight from part of the spectrometer 102. For example, shutters can beused to exclude particular sub-filters. Shutters may also be used toexclude individual lens.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of spectrometer head in accordance withembodiments. In many embodiments, the spectrometer 102 comprises aspectrometer head 120. The spectrometer head comprises one or more of aspectrometer module 160, a temperature sensor module 130, and anillumination module 140. Each module, when present, can be covered witha module window. For example, the spectrometer module 160 can comprise aspectrometer window 162, the temperature sensor module 130 can comprisea sensor window 132, and the illumination module 140 can comprise anillumination window 142.

In many embodiments, the illumination module and the spectrometer moduleare configured to have overlapping fields of view at the sample. Theoverlapping fields of view can be provided in one or more of many ways.For example, the optical axes of the illumination source, thetemperature sensor and the matrix array can extend in a substantiallyparallel configuration. Alternatively, one or more of the optical axescan be oriented toward another optical axis of another module.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic drawing of cross-section A of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 3, in accordance with embodiments. In order to lessen thenoise and/or spectral shift produced from fluctuations in temperature, aspectrometer head 102 comprising a temperature sensor module 130 can beused to measure and record the temperature during the measurement. Insome embodiments, the temperature sensor element can measure thetemperature of the sample in response to infrared radiation emitted fromthe sample, and transmit the temperature measurement to a processor.Accurate and/or precise temperature measurement can be used tostandardize or modify the spectrum produced. For example, differentspectra of a given sample can be measured based on the temperature atwhich the spectrum was taken. In some embodiments, a spectrum can bestored with metadata relating to the temperature at which the spectrumwas measure. In many embodiments, the temperature sensor module 130comprises a temperature sensor window 132. The temperature sensor windowcan seal the sensor module. The temperature sensor window 132 can bemade of material that is substantially non-transmissive to visible lightand transmits light in the infrared spectrum. In some embodiments thetemperature sensor window 132 comprises germanium, for example. In someembodiments, the temperature sensor window is about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5,0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1.0 mm thick.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer head comprises illumination module140. The illumination module can illuminate a sample with light. In someembodiments, the illumination module comprises an illumination window142. The illumination window can seal the illumination module. Theillumination window can be substantially transmissive to the lightproduced in the illumination module. For example, the illuminationwindow can comprise glass. The illumination module can comprise a lightsource 148. In some embodiments, the light source can comprise one ormore light emitting diodes (LED). In some embodiments, the light sourcecomprises a blue LED. In some embodiments, the light source comprises ared or green LED or an infrared LED.

The light source 148 can be mounted on a mounting fixture 150. In someembodiments, the mounting fixture comprises a ceramic package. Forexample, the light fixture can be a flip-chip LED die mounted on aceramic package. The mounting fixture 150 can be attached to a flexibleprinted circuit board (PCB) 152 which can optionally be mounted on astiffener 154 to reduce movement of the illumination module. The flexPCB of the illumination module and the PCT of temperature sensor modulesmay comprise different portions of the same flex PCB, which may alsocomprise portions of spectrometer PCB.

The wavelength of the light produced by the light source 148 can beshifted by a plate 146. Plate 146 can be a wavelength shifting plate. Insome embodiments, plate 146 comprises phosphor embedded in glass.Alternatively or in combination, plate 146 can comprise a nano-crystal,a quantum dot, or combinations thereof. The plate can absorb light fromthe light source and release light having a frequency lower than thefrequency of the absorbed light. In some embodiments, a light sourceproduces visible light, and plate 146 absorbs the light and emits nearinfrared light. In some embodiments, the light source is in closeproximity to or directly touches the plate 146. In some embodiments, thelight source and associated packaging is separated from the plate by agap to limit heat transfer. For example the gap between the light sourceand the plate can be at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8,0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, or 10.0mm. In many alternative embodiments, the light source packaging touchesthe plate 146 in order to conduct heat from the plate such that thelight source packaging comprises a heat sink.

The illumination module can further comprise a light concentrator suchas a parabolic concentrator 144 or a condenser lens in order toconcentrate the light. In some embodiments, the parabolic concentrator144 is a reflector. In some embodiments, the parabolic concentrator 144comprises stainless steel. In some embodiments, the parabolicconcentrator 144 comprises gold-plated stainless steel. In someembodiments, the concentrator can concentrate light to a cone. Forexample, the light can be concentrated to a cone with a field of view ofabout 30-45, 25-50, or 20-55 degrees.

In some embodiments, the illumination module is configured to transmitlight and the spectrometer module is configured to receive light alongoptical paths extending substantially perpendicular to an entrance faceof the spectrometer head. In some embodiments, the modules can beconfigured to such that light can be transmitted from one module to anobject (such as a sample 108) and reflected or scattered to anothermodule which receives the light.

In some embodiments, the optical axes of the illumination module and thespectrometer module are configured to be non-parallel such that theoptical axis representing the spectrometer module is at an offset angleto the optical axis of the illumination module. This non-parallelconfiguration can be provided in one or more of many ways. For example,one or more components can be supported on a common support and offsetin relation to an optic such as a lens in order to orient one or moreoptical axes toward each other. Alternatively or in combination, amodule can be angularly inclined with respect to another module. In someembodiments, the optical axis of each module is aligned at an offsetangle of greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 degrees. In some embodiments, the illuminationmodule and the spectrometer module are configured to be aligned at anoffset angle of less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 degrees. In some embodiments, theillumination module and the spectrometer module are configured to bealigned at an offset angle between than 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 or41-50 degrees. In some embodiments, the offset angle of the modules isset firmly and is not adjustable. In some embodiments, the offset angleof the modules is adjustable. In some embodiments, the offset angle ofthe modules is automatically selected based on the distance of thespectrometer head from the sample. In some embodiments, two modules haveparallel optical axes. In some embodiments, two or more modules haveoffset optical axes. In some embodiments, the modules can have opticalaxes offset such that they converge on a sample. The modules can haveoptical axes offset such that they converge at a set distance. Forexample, the modules can have optical axes offset such that theyconverge at a distance of about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, or 500 mm away.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic drawing of cross-section B of the spectrometerhead of FIGS. 3 and 4, in accordance with embodiments. In manyembodiments, the spectrometer head 102 comprises spectrometer module160. The spectrometer module can be sealed by a spectrometer window 162.In some embodiments, the spectrometer window 162 is selectivelytransmissive to light with respect to the wavelength in order to analyzethe spectral sample. For example, spectrometer window 162 can be anIR-pass filter. In some embodiments, the window 162 can be glass. Thespectrometer module can comprise one or more diffusers. For example, thespectrometer module can comprise a first diffuser 164 disposed below thespectrometer window 162. The first diffuser 164 can distribute theincoming light. For example, the first diffuser can be a cosinediffuser. Optionally, the spectrometer module comprises a light filter188. Light filter 188 can be a thick IR-pass filter. For example, filter188 can absorb light below a threshold wavelength. In some embodiments,filter 188 absorbs light with a wavelength below about 1000, 950, 900,850, 800, 750, 700, 650, or 600 nm. In some embodiments, thespectrometer module comprises a second diffuser 166. The second diffusercan generate Lambertian light distribution at the input of the filtermatrix 170. The filter assembly can be sealed by a glass plate 168.Alternatively or in combination, the filter assembly can be furthersupported by a filter frame 182, which can attach the filter assembly tothe spectrometer housing 180. The spectrometer housing 180 can hold thespectrometer window 162 in place and further provide mechanicalstability to the module.

The first filter and the second filter can be arranged in one or more ofmany ways to provide a substantially uniform light distribution to thefilters. The substantially uniform light distribution can be uniformwith respect to an average energy to within about 25%, for example towithin about 10%, for example. In many embodiments the first diffuserdistributes the incident light energy spatially on the second diffuserwith a substantially uniform energy distribution profile. In someembodiments, the first diffuser makes the light substantially homogenouswith respect to angular distribution. The second diffuser furtherdiffuses the light energy of the substantially uniform energydistribution profile to a substantially uniform angular distributionprofile, such that the light transmitted to each filter can besubstantially homogenous both with respect to the spatial distributionprofile and the angular distribution profile of the light energyincident on each filter. For example, the angular distribution profileof light energy onto each filter can be uniform to within about +/−25%,for example substantially uniform to within about +/−10%.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer module comprises a filter matrix170. The filter matrix can comprise one or more filters. In manyembodiments, the filter matrix comprises a plurality of filters.

In some embodiments, each filter of the filter matrix 170 is configuredto transmit a range of wavelengths distributed about a centralwavelength. The range of wavelengths can be defined as a full width halfmaximum (hereinafter “FWHM”) of the distribution of transmittedwavelengths for a light beam transmitted substantially normal to thesurface of the filter as will be understood by a person of ordinaryskill in the art. A wavelength range can be defined by a centralwavelength and by a spectral width. The central wavelength can be themean wavelength of light transmitted through the filter, and the bandspectral width of a filter can be the difference between the maximum andthe minimum wavelength of light transmitted through the filter. In someembodiments, each filter of the plurality of filters is configured totransmit a range of wavelengths different from other filters of theplurality. In some embodiments, the range of wavelengths overlaps withranges of said other filters of the plurality and wherein said eachfilter comprises a central wavelength different from said other filtersof the plurality.

In many embodiments, the filter array comprises a substrate having athickness and a first side and a second side, the first side orientedtoward the diffuser, the second side oriented toward the lens array. Insome embodiments, each filter of the filter array comprises a substratehaving a thickness and a first side and a second side, the first sideoriented toward the diffuser, the second side oriented toward the lensarray. The filter array can comprise one or more coatings on the firstside, on the second side, or a combination thereof. Each filter of thefilter array can comprise one or more coatings on the first side, on thesecond side, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, each filterof the filter array comprises one or more coatings on the second side,oriented toward the lens array. In some embodiments, each filter of thefilter array comprises one or more coatings on the second side, orientedtoward the lens array and on the first side, oriented toward thediffuser. The one or more coatings on the second side can be an opticalfilter. For example, the one or more coatings can permit a wavelengthrange to selectively pass through the filter. Alternatively or incombination, the one or more coatings can be used to inhibit cross-talkamong lenses of the array. In some embodiments, the plurality ofcoatings on the second side comprises a plurality of interferencefilters, said each of the plurality of interference filters on thesecond side configured to transmit a central wavelength of light to onelens of the plurality of lenses. In some embodiments, the filter arraycomprises one or more coatings on the first side of the filter array.The one or more coatings on the first side of the array can comprise acoating to balance mechanical stress. In some embodiments, the one ormore coatings on the first side of the filter array comprises an opticalfilter. For example, the optical filter on the first side of the filterarray can comprise an IR pass filter to selectively pass infrared light.In many embodiments, the first side does not comprise a bandpassinterference filter coating. In some embodiments, the first does notcomprise a coating.

In many embodiments, the array of filters comprises a plurality ofbandpass interference filters on the second side of the array. Theplacement of the fine frequency resolving filters on the second sideoriented toward the lens array and apertures can inhibit cross-talkamong the filters and related noise among the filters. In manyembodiments, the array of filters comprises a plurality of bandpassinterference filters on the second side of the array, and does notcomprise a bandpass interference filter on the first side of the array.

In many embodiments, each filter defines an optical channel of thespectrometer. The optical channel can extend from the filer through anaperture and a lens of the array to a region of the sensor array. Theplurality of parallel optical channels can provide increased resolutionwith decreased optical path length.

The spectrometer module can comprise an aperture array 172. The aperturearray can prevent cross talk between the filters. The aperture arraycomprises a plurality of apertures formed in a non-opticallytransmissive material. In some embodiments, the plurality of aperturesis dimensioned to define a clear lens aperture of each lens of thearray, wherein the clear lens aperture of each lens is limited to onefilter of the array. In some embodiments, the clear lens aperture ofeach lens is limited to one filter of the array.

In many embodiments the spectrometer module comprises a lens array 174.The lens array can comprise a plurality of lenses. The number of lensescan be determined such that each filter of the filter array correspondsto a lens of the lens array. Alternatively or in combination, the numberof lenses can be determined such that each channel through the supportarray corresponds to a lens of the lens array. Alternatively or incombination, the number of lenses can be selected such that each regionof the plurality of regions of the image sensor corresponds to anoptical channel and corresponding lens of the lens array and filter ofthe filter array.

In many embodiments, each lens of the lens array comprises one or moreaspheric surfaces, such that each lens of the lens array comprises anaspherical lens. In many embodiments, each lens of the lens arraycomprises two aspheric surfaces. Alternatively or in combination, one ormore individual lens of the lens array can have two curved opticalsurfaces wherein both optical surfaces are substantially convex.Alternatively or in combination, the lenses of the lens array maycomprise one or more diffractive optical surfaces.

In many embodiments, the spectrometer module comprises a support array176. The support array 176 comprises a plurality of channels 177 definedwith a plurality of support structures 179 such as interconnectingannuli. The plurality of channels 177 may define optical channels of thespectrometer. The support structures 179 can comprises stiffness to addrigidity to the support array 176. The support array may comprise astopper to limit movement and fix the position the lens array inrelation to the sensor array. The support array 176 can be configured tosupport the lens array 174 and fix the distance from the lens array tothe sensor array in order to fix the distance between the lens array andthe sensor array at the focal length of the lenses of the lens array. Inmany embodiments, the lenses of the array comprise substantially thesame focal length such that the lens array and the sensor array arearranged in a substantially parallel configuration.

The support array 176 can extend between the lens array 174 and thestopper mounting 178. The support array 176 can serve one or morepurposes, such as 1) providing the correct separation distance betweeneach lens of lens array 170 and each region of the plurality of regionsof the image sensor 190, and/or 2) preventing stray light from enteringor exiting each channel, for example. In some embodiments, the height ofeach support in support array 176 is calibrated to the focal length ofthe lens within lens array 174 that it supports. In some embodiments,the support array 176 is constructed from a material that does notpermit light to pass such as substantially opaque plastic. In someembodiments, support array 176 is black, or comprises a black coating tofurther reduce cross talk between channels. The spectrometer module canfurther comprise a stopper mounting 178 to support the support array. Inmany embodiments, the support array comprises an absorbing and/ordiffusive material to reduce stray light, for example.

In many embodiments, the support array 176 comprises a plurality ofchannels having the optical channels of the filters and lenses extendingtherethrough. In some embodiments, the support array comprise a singlepiece of material extending from the lens array to the detector (i.e.CCD or CMOS array).

The lens array can be directly attached to the aperture array 172, orcan be separated by an air gap of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30, 40, or 50 micrometers. The lens array can bedirectly on top of the support array 178. Alternatively or incombination, the lens array can be positioned such that each lens issubstantially aligned with a single support stopper or a single opticalisolator in order to isolate the optical channels and inhibitcross-talk. In some embodiments, the lens array is positioned to be at adistance approximately equal to the focal length of the lens away fromthe image sensor, such that light coming from each lens is substantiallyfocused on the image sensor.

In some embodiments, the spectrometer module comprises an image sensor190. The image sensor can be a light detector. For example, the imagesensor can be a CCD or 2D CMOS or other sensor, for example. Thedetector can comprise a plurality of regions, each region of saidplurality of regions comprising multiple sensors. For example, adetector can be made up of multiple regions, wherein each region is aset of pixels of a 2D CMOS. The detector, or image sensor 190, can bepositioned such that each region of the plurality of regions is directlybeneath a different channel of support array 176. In many embodiments,an isolated light path is established from a single of filter of filterarray 170 to a single aperture of aperture array 172 to a single lens oflens array 174 to a single stopper channel of support array 176 to asingle region of the plurality of regions of image sensor 190.Similarly, a parallel light path can be established for each filter ofthe filter array 170, such that there are an equal number of parallel(non-intersecting) light paths as there are filters in filter array 170.

The image sensor 190 can be mounted on a flexible printed circuit board(PCB) 184. The PCB 184 can be attached to a stiffener 186. In someembodiments, the stiffener comprises a metal stiffener to prevent motionof the spectrometer module relative to the spectrometer head 120.

FIG. 8 shows an isometric view of a spectrometer module 160 inaccordance with embodiments. The spectrometer module 160 comprises manycomponents as described herein. In many embodiments, the support array176 can be positioned on a package on top of the sensor. In manyembodiments, the support array can be positioned over the top of thebare die of the sensor array such that an air gap is present. The airgap can be less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 micrometer(s).

FIG. 9 shows the lens array 174 within the spectrometer module 160, inaccordance with embodiments. This isometric view shows the apertures 194formed in a non-transmissive material of the aperture array 172 inaccordance with embodiments. In many embodiments, each channel of thesupport array 176 is aligned with a filter of the filter array 170, alens of the lens array 174, and an aperture 194 of the aperture array inorder to form a plurality of light paths with inhibited cross talk.

In some embodiments, the glass-embedded phosphor of plate 146 may be anear-infrared (NIR) phosphor, capable of emitting infrared or NIRradiation in the range from about 700 nm to about 1100 nm.

In some embodiments, the light filter 188 is configured to block atleast a portion of visible radiation included in the incident light.

In some embodiments, first wavelength range of the first filter and thesecond wavelength range of the second filter fall within a wavelengthrange of about 400 nm to about 1100 nm. In some embodiments, the secondwavelength range overlaps the first wavelength range by at least 2% ofthe second wavelength range. In some embodiments, the second wavelengthrange overlaps the first wavelength range by an amount of about 1% toabout 5% of the second wavelength range. The overlap in the range ofwavelengths of the filters may be configured to provide algorithmiccorrection of the gains across different channels, for example acrossthe outputs of a first filter element and a second filter element.

In some embodiments, the coating of the filter array and/or the supportarray may comprise a black coating configured to absorb most of thelight that hits the coated surface. For example, the coating maycomprise a coating commercially available from Anoplate (as described onhttp://www.anoplate.com/capabilities/anoblack_ni.html), Acktar (asdescribed on the world wide web at the Acktar website, www.acktar.com),or Avian Technologies (as described onhttp://www.aviantechnologies.com/products/coatings/diffuse black.php),or other comparable coatings.

In some embodiments, the stopper and the image sensor may be configuredto have matching coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). For example,the stopper and the image sensor may be configured to have a matchingCTE of about 7 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹. In order to match the CTE between the stopperand the image sensor where the stopper and image sensor have differentCTEs, a liquid crystal polymer, such as Vectra E130, may be appliedbetween the stopper and the image sensor.

In many embodiments, the lens may be configured to introduce somedistortion in the output of the lens, in order to improve performance inanalyzing the obtained spectral data. The filters described herein maytypically allow transmission of a specific wavelength for a specificangle of propagation of the incident light beam. As the lighttransmitted through the filters pass through the lens, the output of thelens may generate concentric rings on the sensor for differentwavelengths of incident light. With typical spherical lens performance,as the angle of incidence grows larger, the concentric ring for thatwavelength becomes much thinner (for a typical light bandwidth of ˜5nm). Such variance in the thickness of the rings may cause reducedlinearity and related performance in analyzing the spectral data. Toovercome this non-linearity, some distortion may be introduced into thelens, so as to reduce the thickness of the rings that correspond toincident light having smaller angles of propagation, and increase thethickness of the rings that correspond to incident light having largerangles of propagation, wherein non-linearity of ring size related toincident angle is decreased. Lenses configured to produce suchdistortion in the output can produce a more even distribution of ringthicknesses along the supported range of angles of incidence,consequently improving performance in the analysis of the generatedspectral data. The distortion can be provided with one or more asphericlens profiles to increase the depth of field (DoF) and increase the sizeof the point spread function (PSF) as described herein.

FIG. 10 shows a schematic drawing of a cross-section B of an alternativeembodiment of the spectrometer head of FIG. 5. In some embodiments, thespectrometer module may be configured to purposefully induce cross-talkamong sensor elements. For example, the spectrometer module may comprisethe filter matrix and lens array as shown in FIG. 7, but omit one ormore structural features that isolate the optical channels, such as theaperture array 172 or the isolated channels 177 of the support array176. Without the isolated optical channels, light having a particularwavelength received by the first filter may result in a pattern ofnon-concentric rings on the detector. In addition, a first range ofwavelengths associated with a first filter may partially overlap asecond range of wavelengths associated with a second filter. Without theisolated optical channels, at least one feature in the pattern of lightoutput by a first filter may be associated with at least one feature inthe pattern of light output by a second filter. For example, when lightcomprising two different wavelengths, separated by at least five timesthe spectral resolution of the device, passes through the filter matrix,the light from at least two filters of the filter matrix may impinge onat least one common pixel of the detector. The spectrometer module mayfurther comprise at least one processing device configured to stitchtogether light output by multiple filters to generate or reconstruct aspectrum associated with the incident light. Inducing cross-talk amongsensor elements can have the advantage of increasing signal strength,and of reducing the structural complexity and thereby the cost of theoptics.

Spectrometer Using Multiple Illumination Sources

FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of thespectrometer head 102. The spectrometer head 102 comprises anillumination module 140, a spectrometer module 160, a control board 105,and a processor 106. The spectrometer 102 further comprises atemperature sensor module 130 as described herein, configured to measureand record the temperature of the sample in response to infraredradiation emitted from the sample. In addition to the temperature sensormodule 130, the spectrometer 102 may also comprise a separatetemperature sensor 230 for measuring the temperature of the light sourcein the illumination module 140.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram of a cross-section of the spectrometerhead of FIG. 11 (the sample temperature sensor 130 and the light sourcetemperature sensor 230 are not shown). The spectrometer head comprisesan illumination module 140 and a spectrometer module 160.

The illumination module 140 comprises at least two light sources, suchas light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 210. The illumination module maycomprise at least about 10 LEDs. The illumination module 140 furthercomprises a radiation diffusion unit 213 configured to receive theradiation emitted from the array of LEDs 210, and provide as an outputillumination radiation for use in analyzing a sample material. Theradiation diffusion unit may comprise one or more of a first diffuser215, a second diffuser 220, and one lens 225 disposed between the firstand second diffusers. The radiation diffusion unit may further compriseadditional diffusers and lenses. The radiation diffusion unit maycomprise a housing 214 to support the first diffuser and the seconddiffuser with fixed distances from the light sources. The inner surfaceof the housing 214 may comprise a plurality of light absorbingstructures 216 to inhibit reflection of light from an inner surface ofthe housing. For example, the plurality of light absorbing structuresmay comprise one or more of a plurality of baffles or a plurality ofthreads, as shown in FIG. 12. A cover glass 230 may be provided tomechanically support and protect each diffuser. Alternatively or incombination with the LEDs, the at least two light sources may compriseone or more lasers.

The array of LEDs 210 may be configured to generate illumination lightcomposed of multiple wavelengths. Each LED may be configured to emitradiation within a specific wavelength range, wherein the wavelengthranges of the plurality of LEDs may be different. The LEDs may havedifferent specific power, peak wavelength and bandwidth, such that thearray of LEDs generates illumination that spans across the spectrum ofinterest. There can be between a few LEDs and a few tens of LEDs in asingle array.

In some embodiments, the LED array is placed on a printed circuit board(PCB) 152. In order to reduce the size, cost and complexity of the PCBand LED driving electronics and reduce the number of interconnect lines,the LEDs may preferably be arranged in rows and columns, as shown inFIG. 13. All anodes on the same row may be connected together and allcathodes on the same column may be connected together (or vice versa).For example, the LED in the center of the array may be turned on when atransistor connects the driving voltage to the anodes' fourth row andanother transistor connects the cathodes' fourth column to a ground.None of the other LEDs is turned on at this state, as either its anodesare disconnected from power or its cathodes are disconnected from theground. Preferably, the LEDs are arranged according to voltage groups,to simplify the current control and to improve spectral homogeneity(LEDs of similar wavelengths are placed close together). While bi-polartransistors are provided herein as examples, the circuit may also useother types of switches (e.g., field-effect transistors).

The LED currents can be regulated by various means as known to thoseskilled in the art. In some embodiments, Current Control Regulator (CCR)components may be used in series to each anode row and/or to eachcathode column of the array. In some embodiments, a current control loopmay be used instead of the CCR, providing more flexibility and feedbackon the actual electrode currents. Alternatively, the current may bedetermined by the applied anode voltages, though this method should beused with care as LEDs can vary significantly in their current tovoltage characteristics.

An optional voltage adjustment diode can be useful in reducing thedifference between the LED driving voltages of LEDs sharing the sameanode row, so that they can be driven directly from the voltage sourcewithout requiring a current control circuit. The optional voltageadjustment diode can also help to improve the stability and simplicityof the driving circuit. These voltage adjustment diodes may be selectedaccording to the LEDs' expected voltage drops across the row, inopposite tendency, so that the total voltage drop variation along ashared row is smaller.

Referring to FIG. 12, the radiation diffusion unit 213, positioned abovethe LED array, is configured to mix the illumination emitted by each ofthe LEDs at different spatial locations and with different angularcharacteristics, such that the spectrum of illumination of the samplewill be as uniform as possible across the measured area of the sample.What is meant by a uniform spectrum is that the relations of powers atdifferent wavelengths do not depend on the location on the sample.However, the absolute power can vary. This uniformity is highlypreferable in order to optimize the accuracy of the reflection spectrummeasurement.

The first diffuser 215, preferably mechanically supported and protectedby a cover glass 230, may be placed above the array of LEDs 210. Thediffuser may be configured to equalize the beam patterns of thedifferent LEDs, as the LEDs will typically differ in their illuminationprofiles. Regardless of the beam shape of any LED, the light that passesthrough the first diffuser 215 can be configured to have a Lambertianbeam profile, such that the emitted spectrum at each of the directionsfrom first diffuser 215 is uniform. Ideally, the ratios between theilluminations at different wavelengths do not depend on the direction tothe plane of the first diffuser 215, as observed from infinity. Suchdirections are indicated schematically by the dashed lines shown in FIG.14, referring to the directions of rays at the output of the firstdiffuser 215 towards the first surface of lens 225.

The first diffuser 215 is preferably placed at the aperture plane of thelens 225. Thus, parallel rays can be focused by the lens to the samelocation on the focal plane of the lens, where the second diffuser 220is placed (preferably supported and protected by cover glass 230). Sinceall illumination directions at the output of the first diffuser 215 havethe same spectrum, the spectrum at the input plane of the seconddiffuser 220 can be uniform (though the absolute power may vary). Thesecond diffuser 220 can then equalize the beam profiles from each of thelocations in its plane, so that the output spectrum is uniform both inlocation and in direction, leading to uniform spectral illuminationacross the sample irrespective of the sample distance from the device(when the sample is close to the device it is more affected by thespatial variance of spectrum, and when the sample is far from the deviceit is more affected by the angular variation of the spectrum).

In designing the radiation diffusion unit 213 configured to improvespectral uniformity, size and power may be traded off in order toachieve the required spectral uniformity. For example, as shown in FIG.15A, the radiation diffusion unit 213 may be duplicated (additionaldiffusers and lenses added), or as shown in FIG. 15B, the radiationdiffusion unit 213 may be configured with a longer length between thefirst and second diffusers, in order to achieve increased uniformitywhile trading off power. Alternatively, if uniformity is less important,some elements in the optics can be omitted (e.g., first diffuser orlens), or simplified (e.g., weaker diffuser, simpler lens).

Referring back to FIG. 12, the spectrometer module 160 comprises one ormore photodiodes 263 that are sensitive to the spectral range ofinterest. For example, a dual Si—InGaAs photodiode can be used tomeasure the sample reflection spectrum in the range of about 400 nm toabout 1750 nm. The dual photodiode structure is composed of twodifferent photodiodes positioned one above the other, such that theycollect illumination from essentially the same locations in the sample.

The one or more photodiodes 263 are preferably placed at the focal planeof lens 225, as shown in FIG. 12. The lens 225 can efficiently collectthe light from a desired area in the sample to the surface of thephotodiode. Alternatively, other light collection methods known in theart can be used, such as a Compound Parabolic Concentrator.

The photodiode current can be detected using a trans-impedanceamplifier. For the dual photodiode architecture embodiment, thephotocurrent can first be converted from current to voltage usingresistors with resistivity that provides high gain on the one hand toreduce noise, while having a wide enough bandwidth and no saturation onthe other hand. An operational amplifier can be connected inphotovoltaic mode amplification to the photodiodes, for minimum noise.Voltage dividers can provide a small bias to the operational amplifier(Op Amp) to compensate for possible bias current and bias voltage at theOp Amp input. Additional amplification may be preferable with voltageamplifiers.

In the embodiment of the spectrometer head shown in FIG. 12, eachphotodiode 263 is responsive to the illumination from typically manyLEDs (or wavelengths). In order to identify the relative contribution oflight from each of the LEDs, the LED current may be modulated, then thedetected photocurrent of the photodiodes may be demodulated.

In some embodiments, the modulation/demodulation may be achieved by timedivision multiplexing (TDM). In TDM, each LED is switched “on” in adedicated time slot, and the photocurrent sampled in synchronization tothat time slot represents the contribution of the corresponding LED andits wavelength. Black level and ambient light is measured at the “off”times between “on” times.

In some embodiments, the modulation/demodulation may be achieved byfrequency division modulation (FDM). In FDM, each LED is modulated at adifferent frequency. This modulation can be with any waveform, andpreferably by square wave modulation for best efficiency and simplicityof the driving circuit. This means that at any given time, one or moreof the LEDs can be “on” at the same time, and one of more of the LEDscan be “off” at the same time. The detected signal is decomposed to thedifferent LED contributions, for example by using matched filter or fastFourier transform (FFT), as known to those skilled in the art.

FDM may be preferable with respect to TDM as FDM can provide lower peakcurrent than TDM for the same average power, thus improving theefficiency of the LEDs. The higher efficiency allows for lower LEDtemperatures, which in turn provide better LED spectrum stability.Another advantage of FDM is that FDM has lower electromagneticinterference than TDM (since slower current slopes can be used), andsmaller amplification channel bandwidth requirement than TDM.

In some embodiments, the modulation/demodulation may be achieved byamplitude modulation, each at a different frequency.

When the LED array uses a shared-electrodes architecture, a single LEDcan be turned “on” when the corresponding row and column are connected(e.g., anode to power and cathode to GND). However, when more than onerow and one column is switched “on”, all the LEDs sharing the connectedrows and columns will be switched on. This can complicate themodulation/demodulation scheme. In order to resolve such a complication,TDM may be used, wherein a single row and a single column is enabled ateach “on” time slot. Alternatively, combined TDM and FDM may be used,wherein a single row is selected with TDM, and FDM is applied on thecolumns (or vice versa). Alternatively, a 2-level FDM may be used,wherein each row and each column is modulated at different frequencies.The LEDs can be decoupled using matched filter or spectrum analysis,while taking special care to avoid overlapping harmonics of basefrequencies.

Spectrometer System

In some embodiments, the spectrometer system described herein includes adigital processing device, or use of the same. In further embodiments,the digital processing device includes one or more hardware centralprocessing units (CPU) that carry out the device's functions. In stillfurther embodiments, the digital processing device further comprises anoperating system configured to perform executable instructions. In someembodiments, the digital processing device is optionally connected acomputer network. In further embodiments, the digital processing deviceis optionally connected to the Internet such that it accesses the WorldWide Web. In still further embodiments, the digital processing device isoptionally connected to a cloud computing infrastructure. In otherembodiments, the digital processing device is optionally connected to anintranet. In other embodiments, the digital processing device isoptionally connected to a data storage device.

In accordance with the description herein, suitable digital processingdevices include, by way of non-limiting examples, server computers,desktop computers, laptop computers, notebook computers, sub-notebookcomputers, netbook computers, netpad computers, set-top computers,handheld computers, Internet appliances, mobile smartphones, tabletcomputers, personal digital assistants, video game consoles, andvehicles. Those of skill in the art will recognize that many smartphonesare suitable for use in the system described herein. Those of skill inthe art will also recognize that select televisions, video players, anddigital music players with optional computer network connectivity aresuitable for use in the system described herein. Suitable tabletcomputers include those with booklet, slate, and convertibleconfigurations, known to those of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes an operatingsystem configured to perform executable instructions. The operatingsystem is, for example, software, including programs and data, whichmanages the device's hardware and provides services for execution ofapplications. Those of skill in the art will recognize that suitableserver operating systems include, by way of non-limiting examples,FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD®, Linux, Apple® Mac OS X Server®, Oracle®Solaris®, Windows Server®, and Novell® NetWare®. Those of skill in theart will recognize that suitable personal computer operating systemsinclude, by way of non-limiting examples, Microsoft® Windows®, Apple®Mac OS X®, UNIX®, and UNIX-like operating systems such as GNU/Linux®. Insome embodiments, the operating system is provided by cloud computing.Those of skill in the art will also recognize that suitable mobile smartphone operating systems include, by way of non-limiting examples, Nokia®Symbian® OS, Apple® iOS®, Research In Motion® BlackBerry OS®, Google®Android®, Microsoft® Windows Phone® OS, Microsoft® Windows Mobile® OS,Linux®, and Palm® WebOS®.

In some embodiments, the device includes a storage and/or memory device.The storage and/or memory device is one or more physical apparatusesused to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis. Insome embodiments, the device is volatile memory and requires power tomaintain stored information. In some embodiments, the device isnon-volatile memory and retains stored information when the digitalprocessing device is not powered. In further embodiments, thenon-volatile memory comprises flash memory. In some embodiments, thenon-volatile memory comprises dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Insome embodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises ferroelectric randomaccess memory (FRAM). In some embodiments, the non-volatile memorycomprises phase-change random access memory (PRAM). In otherembodiments, the device is a storage device including, by way ofnon-limiting examples, CD-ROMs, DVDs, flash memory devices, magneticdisk drives, magnetic tapes drives, optical disk drives, and cloudcomputing based storage. In further embodiments, the storage and/ormemory device is a combination of devices such as those disclosedherein.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes a display tosend visual information to a user. In some embodiments, the display is acathode ray tube (CRT). In some embodiments, the display is a liquidcrystal display (LCD). In further embodiments, the display is a thinfilm transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD). In some embodiments,the display is an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. Invarious further embodiments, on OLED display is a passive-matrix OLED(PMOLED) or active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display. In some embodiments,the display is a plasma display. In other embodiments, the display is avideo projector. In still further embodiments, the display is acombination of devices such as those disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes an inputdevice to receive information from a user. In some embodiments, theinput device is a keyboard. In some embodiments, the input device is apointing device including, by way of non-limiting examples, a mouse,trackball, track pad, joystick, game controller, or stylus. In someembodiments, the input device is a touch screen or a multi-touch screen.In other embodiments, the input device is a microphone to capture voiceor other sound input. In other embodiments, the input device is a videocamera to capture motion or visual input. In still further embodiments,the input device is a combination of devices such as those disclosedherein.

In some embodiments, the spectrometer system disclosed herein includesone or more non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded witha program including instructions executable by the operating system ofan optionally networked digital processing device. In furtherembodiments, a computer readable storage medium is a tangible componentof a digital processing device. In still further embodiments, a computerreadable storage medium is optionally removable from a digitalprocessing device. In some embodiments, a computer readable storagemedium includes, by way of non-limiting examples, CD-ROMs, DVDs, flashmemory devices, solid state memory, magnetic disk drives, magnetic tapedrives, optical disk drives, cloud computing systems and services, andthe like. In some cases, the program and instructions are permanently,substantially permanently, semi-permanently, or non-transitorily encodedon the media.

In some embodiments, the spectrometer system disclosed herein includesat least one computer program, or use of the same. A computer programincludes a sequence of instructions, executable in the digitalprocessing device's CPU, written to perform a specified task. Computerreadable instructions may be implemented as program modules, such asfunctions, objects, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), datastructures, and the like, that perform particular tasks or implementparticular abstract data types. In light of the disclosure providedherein, those of skill in the art will recognize that a computer programmay be written in various versions of various languages.

The functionality of the computer readable instructions may be combinedor distributed as desired in various environments. In some embodiments,a computer program comprises one sequence of instructions. In someembodiments, a computer program comprises a plurality of sequences ofinstructions. In some embodiments, a computer program is provided fromone location. In other embodiments, a computer program is provided froma plurality of locations. In various embodiments, a computer programincludes one or more software modules. In various embodiments, acomputer program includes, in part or in whole, one or more webapplications, one or more mobile applications, one or more standaloneapplications, one or more web browser plug-ins, extensions, add-ins, oradd-ons, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, a computer program includes a mobile applicationprovided to a mobile digital processing device. In some embodiments, themobile application is provided to a mobile digital processing device atthe time it is manufactured. In other embodiments, the mobileapplication is provided to a mobile digital processing device via thecomputer network described herein.

In view of the disclosure provided herein, a mobile application iscreated by techniques known to those of skill in the art using hardware,languages, and development environments known to the art. Those of skillin the art will recognize that mobile applications are written inseveral languages. Suitable programming languages include, by way ofnon-limiting examples, C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Java™, Javascript,Pascal, Object Pascal, Python™, Ruby, VB.NET, WML, and XHTML/HTML withor without CSS, or combinations thereof.

Suitable mobile application development environments are available fromseveral sources. Commercially available development environmentsinclude, by way of non-limiting examples, AirplaySDK, alcheMo,Appcelerator®, Celsius, Bedrock, Flash Lite, .NET Compact Framework,Rhomobile, and WorkLight Mobile Platform. Other development environmentsare available without cost including, by way of non-limiting examples,Lazarus, MobiFlex, MoSync, and Phonegap. Also, mobile devicemanufacturers distribute software developer kits including, by way ofnon-limiting examples, iPhone and iPad (iOS) SDK, Android™ SDK,BlackBerry® SDK, BREW SDK, Palm® OS SDK, Symbian SDK, webOS SDK, andWindows® Mobile SDK.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that several commercial forumsare available for distribution of mobile applications including, by wayof non-limiting examples, Apple® App Store, Android™ Market, BlackBerry®App World, App Store for Palm devices, App Catalog for webOS, Windows®Marketplace for Mobile, Ovi Store for Nokia® devices, Samsung® Apps, andNintendo® DSi Shop.

In some embodiments, the spectrometer system disclosed herein includessoftware, server, and/or database modules, or use of the same. In viewof the disclosure provided herein, software modules are created bytechniques known to those of skill in the art using machines, software,and languages known to the art. The software modules disclosed hereinare implemented in a multitude of ways. In various embodiments, asoftware module comprises a file, a section of code, a programmingobject, a programming structure, or combinations thereof. In furthervarious embodiments, a software module comprises a plurality of files, aplurality of sections of code, a plurality of programming objects, aplurality of programming structures, or combinations thereof. In variousembodiments, the one or more software modules comprise, by way ofnon-limiting examples, a web application, a mobile application, and astandalone application. In some embodiments, software modules are in onecomputer program or application. In other embodiments, software modulesare in more than one computer program or application. In someembodiments, software modules are hosted on one machine. In otherembodiments, software modules are hosted on more than one machine. Infurther embodiments, software modules are hosted on cloud computingplatforms. In some embodiments, software modules are hosted on one ormore machines in one location. In other embodiments, software modulesare hosted on one or more machines in more than one location.

In some embodiments, the spectrometer system disclosed herein includesone or more databases, or use of the same. In view of the disclosureprovided herein, those of skill in the art will recognize that manydatabases are suitable for storage and retrieval of information asdescribed herein. In various embodiments, suitable databases include, byway of non-limiting examples, relational databases, non-relationaldatabases, object oriented databases, object databases,entity-relationship model databases, associative databases, and XMLdatabases. In some embodiments, a database is internet-based. In furtherembodiments, a database is web-based. In still further embodiments, adatabase is cloud computing-based. In other embodiments, a database isbased on one or more local computer storage devices.

Now referring to FIG. 2, the spectrometer system 100 typically comprisesa spectrometer 102 as described herein and a hand held device 110 inwireless communication 116 with a cloud based server or storage system118. The spectrometer system 100 can provide a system for analyzing amaterial in real time, to determine the identity and/or additionalproperties of the material. The obtained information regarding thematerial can then guide users in making decisions relating to theidentified material. The spectrometer 102 may have a warm-up time ofless than 5 seconds, in some embodiments less than 1 second, in order tosupport real-time material analysis. The spectrometer can then send thedata to a hand held device 110, for example via communication circuitry104 having a communication link such as Bluetooth™. The hand held device110 can transmit the data to the cloud based storage system 118. Thedata can be processed and analyzed by the cloud based server 118, andtransmitted back to the hand held device 110 to be displayed to theuser. In many embodiments, the hand held device 110 provides a userinterface (UI) for controlling the operation of the spectrometer 102and/or viewing data as described in further detail herein.

The hand held device 110 may comprise one or more of a smartphone,tablet, or smartwatch, for example. In some embodiments, a single devicehaving internet connectivity is configured to communicate with thespectrometer on the one hand and with the cloud based server on theother hand. In some embodiments, the spectrometer system 100 comprisestwo or more hand held devices, connected via Bluetooth communicationand/or internet connection. Each of the two or more hand held devicesmay be configured to communicate with the other devices of the systemeither directly or through another hand held device of the system. Forexample, the system may comprise a mobile phone and a smartwatch,wherein the mobile phone is in communication with the spectrometer andthe cloud based server as described. The smartwatch may be configured tocommunicate with the mobile phone via a wireless data connection such asBluetooth, wherein the smartwatch can be configured to control the userinterface of the mobile phone and/or display data received from themobile phone. In some embodiments, the smartwatch may be configured tohave internet connection, and may be used in place of the mobile phoneto function as the data relay point between the spectrometer and thecloud based server, and to present the user interface to the user.

In many embodiments, one or more of the spectrometer, hand held device,and cloud based server of the system may comprise a computer systemconfigured to regulate various aspects of data acquisition, transfer,analysis, storage, and/or display. The computer system typicallycomprises a central processing unit (also “processor” herein), a memory,and a communication interface (also “communication circuitry” herein).The processor can execute a sequence of machine-readable instructions,which can be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may bestored in a memory location. Each device of the spectrometer system maycommunicate with one or more of the other devices of the system via thecommunication interface.

FIG. 16 shows a schematic diagram of the data flow in the spectrometer102, in accordance with embodiments. The spectrometer head 120 isconfigured to acquire raw intensity data for a material when a userscans a material with the spectrometer 102. In addition to the rawspectral data, non-spectral data may also be obtained if thespectrometer 102 includes a sensor module such as a temperature sensormodule described herein. The raw data 400 generated by the spectrometerhead 120 may be transmitted to a processor 106 of the control board 105.The processor 106 may comprise a tangible medium comprising instructionsof a computer program; for example, the processor may comprise a digitalsignal processing unit, which can be configured to compress the rawdata. The compressed raw data signal 405 can then be transmitted to thecommunication circuitry 104, which may comprise a dataencryption/transmission component such as Bluetooth™. Once encrypted,the compressed encrypted raw data signal 410 can be transmitted viaBluetooth to the hand held device 110.

Compression of raw data may be necessary since raw intensity data willgenerally be too large to transmit via Bluetooth in real time. Thecompression may be performed using a data compression algorithm tailoredaccording to the physical properties of the optical system that createthe spatial distribution of light onto the light detector of thespectrometer module. The data generated by the optical system describedherein typically contains symmetries that allow significant compressionof the raw data into much more compact data structures.

FIG. 17 shows a schematic diagram of the data flow in the hand helddevice 110. The hand held device 110 can comprise a processor having acomputer readable memory, the memory embodying instructions forpresenting a user interface (UI) 300 for the spectrometer system via adisplay of the hand held device 110. For example, in embodimentscomprising a mobile phone, a readable memory of the phone may comprisemachine executable code in the form of a mobile application, providinginstructions for presenting the UI. The hand held device 110 can alsocomprise a means for receiving user input to the UI, such as atouch-screen interface. The UI provides a space where users may interactwith the spectrometer 102 and with the cloud server 118. For example,the UI can provide a user with the means for controlling the operationof the spectrometer 102, selecting analyses types to perform on the datagenerated from the sample scan, viewing the analyzed data from a samplescan, and/or viewing data from a database stored on the processor of thehand held device 110 or on the cloud server 118. In embodiments of thesystem comprising two or more hand held devices 110 in communicationwith one another, the spectrometer may be in communication with a firstdevice, and the first device may be in communication with a seconddevice comprising the display for the UI.

The encrypted, compressed raw data signal 410 from the spectrometer maybe received by the UI 300 of the hand held device 110, wherein the UI isprovided by a processor of the hand held device. The UI may thentransmit the data 410 to the cloud server 118, for example via awireless internet connection. Data may be transmitted automatically inreal time or at certain intervals, or data may be transmitted whenrequested by a user. The UI can optionally add metadata 415 such astime, location, and user information to the raw data and transmit thedata set. In some embodiments, a user may also provide instructions tothe UI to perform one or more specific types of analysis; in this case,the UI may transmit, along with the compressed, encrypted raw data 410and/or metadata 415, user instructions for performing the analysis.

FIG. 18 shows a schematic diagram of the data flow in the cloud basedstorage system or server 118. The cloud server 118 can receivecompressed, encrypted data 410 and/or metadata 415 from the hand helddevice 110. A processor or communication interface of the cloud servercan then decrypt the data, and a digital signal processing unit of thecloud server can perform signal processing on the decrypted signal 420to transform the signal into spectral data 425. The server may performadditional pre-processing of the spectrum, such as noise reduction, toproduce pre-processed spectral data 430. Analysis of the pre-processedspectrum 430 can then be performed by a processor of the server havinginstructions stored thereon for performing various data analysisalgorithms. The analyzed spectral data 435 and/or additional analysisresults 440 (e.g., nutritional content of food, quality of gems, etc.)may be transmitted back from the server to the hand held device, so thatthe results may be displayed to the user via the display of the handheld device. In addition, the analyzed spectral data 435 and/or relatedadditional analysis results 440 may be dynamically added to a universaldatabase 119 operated by the cloud server, where spectral dataassociated with sample materials may be stored. The spectral data storedon the database 119 may comprise data generated by the one or more usersof the spectrometer system 100, and/or pre-loaded spectral data ofmaterials with known spectra. The cloud server may comprise a memoryhaving the database 119 stored thereon.

The cloud based system or server 118 may be accessed remotely, forexample via wireless internet connection, by one or more spectrometersand hand held devices of the spectrometer system. In many embodiments,the cloud server is simultaneously accessible by more than oneusers/hand held devices of the system. In some embodiments, hand helddevices up to the order of millions can be simultaneously connected tothe cloud server.

The multiple spectrometers 102 within a spectrometer system 100 maydiffer from one another, for example due to variations in manufacturing.Such differences among the multiple spectrometers may yield significantvariations in the spectral data for the same material obtained by eachspectrometer. In order to ensure that the data contributed to theuniversal database 119 by multiple users are comparable, the system maycomprise a method for calibrating the data generated by eachspectrometer, before adding the data to the universal database. Forexample, the specific optical response of each spectrometer may becharacterized during manufacturing, by measuring how each spectrometerbehaves in response to different kinds of inputs. The inputs maycomprise a set of calibration patterns (spectra) that are measured withthe spectrometer, and the corresponding spectrometer response functionmay be determined and output with the calibration data. Thisspectrometer-specific optical response data may be saved and stored asthe calibration data for the specific spectrometer, typically in thecloud based server. The calibration data may be stored tagged with anidentifier for the specific spectrometer, such that when the serverreceives raw data from the spectrometer, the server can identify andlocate the appropriate calibration data for the specific spectrometer.The server may then apply the spectrometer-specific calibration data inproducing the spectral data from the raw data received from thespectrometer. Such a calibration process can compensate fordevice-to-device variation, providing a way for multiple users of thesystem to make meaningful comparisons among data for the same materialobtained using different spectrometers.

In many embodiments, the cloud based server 118 provides users of thespectrometer system 100 with a way of sharing the information obtainedin a particular measurement. Database 119 located in the cloud servercan constantly receive the results of measurements made by individualusers and update itself in real time or at regular intervals. Theupdating of the database 119 based on user contribution can rapidlyexpand the number of substances for which a spectral signature isavailable. Thus, each measurement made by a user can contribute towardsincreasing the accuracy and reliability of future measurements made byany user of the spectrometer system.

The sharing of information among multiple users of the spectrometersystem through the cloud based server can provide a useful tool formaking informed decisions regarding materials of interest. For example,a user shopping for apples may be interested in finding out what storesmay carry the sweetest apples. The spectrometer system may provide theuser with a means for viewing a map of matter for apples, the map ofmatter presenting a comprehensive compilation of user-contributed,analyzed spectral and non-spectral data for specific materials, asdescribed in further detail herein. The map of matter may be visualizedbased on geographical location, providing users with the ability to viewwhat stores in the area carry relatively sweet apples. The map of mattermay also be visualized based on time/date, such that users may view thedata for apples for different time windows (e.g., within the lasthour/day/week/month, on a certain date or over a certain date range,etc.). Alternatively or in combination, the map of matter may alsoprovide visualization of material data based on store/branch, type ofobject, temperature, number of measurements, and many other factors. Forexample, the system may provide users with a location-based mapdisplaying all data for apples in the universal database, and users maybe click on a particular location/store to view the data summary for theselected store. The store-specific data summary may also be viewed on atimeline, allowing users to determine the trend in the sweetness ofapples carried by the store over time. The spectrometer system may thusbe used to make a more informed purchasing decision.

The spectrum of a sample material can be analyzed using any appropriateanalysis method. The processor of the cloud server 119, hand held device110, or spectrometer 102 may comprise one or more algorithms forspectrum analysis. Non-limiting examples of spectral analysis techniquesthat can be used include Principal Components Analysis, Partial LeastSquares analysis, and the use of a neural network algorithm to determinethe spectral components.

In embodiments in which a Raman spectrum is obtained, the Raman signalcan be separated from any fluorescence signal. Both Raman andfluorescence spectra can be compared to existing calibration spectra.After a calibration is performed, the spectra can be analyzed using anyappropriate algorithm for spectral decomposition; non-limiting examplesof such algorithms include Principal Components Analysis, PartialLeast-Squares analysis, and spectral analysis using a neural networkalgorithm. This analysis provides the information needed to characterizethe sample that was tested using the spectrometer. The results of theanalysis can then be presented to the user.

In some embodiments the analysis is not contemporaneous. In someembodiments the analysis is in real time.

In some embodiments, the spectrometer system may perform analysis of theraw data locally. The spectrometer system may comprise a memory with adatabase of spectral data stored therein, and a processor with analysissoftware programmed with instructions. The memory can be volatile ornon-volatile in order to store the user's own measurements in thememory. Alternatively, the database of spectral data can be providedwith a computer located near the spectrometer, for example in the sameroom. Alternatively or in combination, the spectrometer may partiallyanalyze the raw data prior to transmission to a remote server, such asthe cloud server 118 described herein, wherein heavier calculations formore complicated analyses may be performed.

An analyzed spectrum can determine whether a complex mixture beinginvestigated contains a spectrum associated with components. Thecomponents can, for example, be a substance, mixture of substances, ormicroorganisms. The intensity of these components in the spectrum can beused to determine whether a component is at a certain concentration, andwhether the concentration of an undesirable component is high enough tobe of concern. Non-limiting examples of such substances include toxins,decomposition products, or harmful microorganisms. In some embodimentsof the invention, if it is deemed likely that the sample is not fit forconsumption, the user is provided with a warning. Various possibleapplications of the compact spectrometer system are described in furtherdetail herein.

User Interface

The spectrometer system 100 is typically provided with a user interface(UI) that provides a means for users to interact with the spectrometersystem. The UI is typically provided on a display of the hand helddevice 110 of the spectrometer system, the hand held device comprising aprocessor that comprises instructions for providing the UI to thedisplay, for example in the form of a mobile application. The displaycan be provided on a screen. The screen may comprise a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) screen, an LED screen, and/or a touch screen. The UI istypically presented to the user via a display of the hand held device110, and is configured to receive input from the user via an inputmethod provided by the hand held device 110.

FIG. 19 shows a schematic diagram of the flow of the user interface (UI)300. The UI typically comprises a plurality of components as shown inFIG. 19, wherein each UI component may comprise a step of a method forthe processor of the hand held device to provide the computer interface.The user may navigate through each component of the UI, wherein eachcomponent may have one or more corresponding screens configured todisplay user-selectable options, take user inputs, and/or displayoutputs of user-initiated actions (e.g., analyzed data, search results,actionable insights, etc.). A user-selectable option within a UIcomponent may include an analysis identifier, such as an image or text,or an icon associated with a spectroscopic analysis application. When auser selects a user-selectable option within a UI component, forexample, by touching the icon for a particular option, the processorproviding the UI may carry out a set of instructions associated with theuser-selected option. As a result, the UI may be directed to a newscreen associated with a component of the UI related to theuser-selected option. FIG. 20 illustrates an example of how a user maynavigate through different components of a UI. In this example, the userbegins from the screen of the UI associated with the component “Home”310, described in further detail herein, as shown on the left. From“Home” 310, the user selects the option “Universe”, which is associatedwith the component “Universe” 340 of the UI. As a result, the UI directsthe user to the screen associated with the “Universe” 340 component, asshown on the right.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize variations andadaptations that may be made to the UI flow as shown in FIG. 19,including, but not limited to, the removal or addition of one or morecomponents, one or more components arranged in a different order, and/orone or more components comprising subcomponents of other components. Oneor more of the processors as described herein may comprise a tangiblemedium embodying instructions to provide one or more of the componentsof the user interface or to implement the method of the computerinterface, and combinations thereof.

Typically, when a user opens the application providing the UI, the useris directed to the component “Home” 310. In the “Home” 310 component,the main action presented to the user may be an invitation to scan asample material, via the “Scan” 350 component. FIG. 21A shows anexemplary mobile application UI screen corresponding to the “Home” 310component of the UI. “Home” 310 is also the entry point to thecomponents “Me” 320, “My Tools” 330, and “Universe” 340. “Me” 320provides access to private user information. “My Tools” 330 providesaccess to personalized tools for scanning and analyzing materials.“Universe” 340 provides access to information in the universal database119 operated by the cloud server 118 as described herein.

“Me” 320 may provide access to one or more of “My profile” 322, “Mystatus/privileges/awards” 324, and “My materials” 326. “My profile” 322may store a user's personal information, such as name and location, forexample. “My profile” 322 can also store a user's personal settings forcertain aspects of the system, such as privacy preferences, for example.“My status/privileges/awards” 324 may track a user's history ofperforming scans using the spectrometer system and contributing data tothe universal database 119, for example. Based on the user'scontribution to the universal database, the user may be given certainprivileges, credits, or recognition, thereby providing an incentive forusers to actively contribute data to the universal database. Forexample, “contribution scores” may be kept by the system for each user,and displayed under “My status/privileges/awards”. Users may also beprovided with a way of interacting with other users of the spectrometersystem, either through “My status/privileges/awards” 324 or through aseparate module. For example, users may be provided with a way ofrecommending/liking other users based on their contribution status, andsuch feedback from other users may be accessed via “Mystatus/privileges/awards” 324 or another appropriate component. “Mymaterials” 326 can allow users to view and compare data associated withtheir materials via the “Compare” 327 component. The scans performed bya user may be stored in “My materials” under a tag, and kept private orpublic (accessible by other users via the universal database 119)depending on user preference. “Compare” 327 can provide users with theability to compare scans by tags, either across different tags or withina given tag. “My materials” 326 can also provide users with the abilityto document their projects via the “Document 328” component, for exampleby adding notes or image data associated with a material. “My materials”326 can also provide users with the ability to track their projects viathe “Track” 329 component, wherein, for example, the UI may display acomplete, sortable and/or searchable list of projects for the user. Scandata that users choose to store in the public domain may be accessed byother users of the system, and “Track” 329 may also provide a way for auser to track other users' projects.

“My tools” 330 can provide quick access to personalized tools forscanning and analyzing materials that may be initiated directly withoutgoing through the “Scan” 350 component. A user may directly build andsave a specific analysis (e.g., if the user is interested in using thespectrometer to determine the percent fat in cheese, he/she may set upsuch an analysis by identifying the material and the parameter ofinterest for the analysis). Alternatively or in combination, once a userhas used the spectrometer to perform scans, the user may be given theoption of storing favorite tools/analyses. Alternatively or incombination, the system may automatically store frequently usedtools/analyses for access under “My tools”. “Find” 332 can provide userswith a way of searching for a desired analysis tool among stored tools.“My tools” may also be configured to notify users about new tools thatare made available by the system. Once a user selects a desired analysismethod from the component “Find” 332, the user may be invited toinitiate a scan through the UI component “Scan” 350, described infurther detail herein. However, since the analysis method has alreadybeen selected, “Scan” 350 may be configured to skip over someintermediate steps (e.g., identification of the material), and proceeddirectly to displaying the answer to the user's query through thecomponent “Specific answer to a question” 386.

“Universe” 340 can give users access to the universal database 119operated by the cloud server 118, wherein spectral signatures ofmaterials are stored for comparison against and analysis of scanneddata. “Universe” 340 may be displayed as a graphical map, providingusers with a generic visualization of the map of matter by differentattributes. For example, the map may be organized by geographic,material, gender, maturity, or “popularity” attributes. A user may beable to zoom in and out of the map to get to a specific material page.The map of matter for a specific material may be visualized based on oneor more of a geographical location, time/date, store/branch, type ofobject, temperature, number of measurements, and many other factors.Different types of materials in the map may develop at different paces,resulting in different “maturity” levels over time; accordingly, thevisualization of the branches of the map may differ based on thismaturity level. “Universe” 340 can thus provide users with a way toviewing the map through three separate UI components, “Developingbranches” 342, “Mature” 344, and “Unexplored” 346, which may displaydifferent types of information, display the map using differentvisualizations, and/or present different user-selectable options. Themap of matter may highlight a user's own contributions to the map in thedisplay, so that the user may be able to visualize his/her scans in thecontext of the map. Users may be given the ability to search formaterial “soul mates” (e.g., materials having similar spectralsignatures), or track down “experts” in a certain material branch byidentifying users who have made significant contributions to a branch ofinterest. “Universe” 340 may also provide users with notificationsregarding materials that the user is interested in, such as newcontributions/map progress made on certain materials. Users may be givena way to set up “campaigns” to foster maturity of a certain branch inthe map of matter, and the “Universe” may also send users notificationsregarding such campaigns.

An exemplary workflow for scanning a material with the spectrometersystem is now described with reference to FIG. 19. A user may initiate ascan from the screen corresponding to the UI component “Home” 310, suchas the one shown in FIG. 21A, by pressing a button on the spectrometeror on the mobile application presenting the UI. When a scan isinitiated, the UI directs the user to the screen corresponding to thecomponent “Scan” 350, which may instruct the spectrometer to begin ameasurement, compress and encrypt the raw data, and/or transmit thecompressed and encrypted data to the UI of the hand held device.

When data is received by the UI, the UI may initiate the “What is it?”(WIT) 352 component, which may comprise the system's main classificationalgorithm. The main classification algorithm may, for example, attemptto determine the material's identity based on the spectrum of thematerial, by comparing the spectrum against the spectra of knownmaterials stored in the user's personal database stored under the “MyMaterials” component and/or the universal database 119. The algorithmmay yield three different results: the identification of similar spectrain the “Universe” database, the identification of similar spectra in the“My Materials” database, or a failure to find any matching spectra ineither database. The outcome of the algorithm run by the “What is it?”352 component may be presented to the user via the “Result” 354component, wherein the user may view the preliminary identificationresults and provided with a range of selectable options for furtheractions, as described herein for each possible outcome.

If one or more similar materials are identified in the “Universe”database, the user may be directed to the screen corresponding to the UIcomponent “Similar in universe” 356. From here, the user may be giventhe option to view the data relevant to the material in the universaldatabase 119, directing the user to the UI component “Universe” 340.Alternatively, the user may be asked to confirm that the material indeedmatches the identified material(s), through the UI component “Confirm”362. If the system has found a plurality of materials with spectrasimilar to the sample, the user may be asked to select one or more ofthese “matching” materials for further analysis.

If one or more similar materials are identified in the “My materials”database, the user may be directed to the “Similar in My Materials” 355component of the UI. From here, the user may choose to navigate to the“My status/privileges/awards” 324 component or the “My materials” 326component, where the user may view and compare data associated withtheir materials. Alternatively, the user may be asked to confirm thatthe material indeed matches the identified material(s), through the UIcomponent “Confirm” 362.

If the identity of the measured material is positively confirmed by theuser, the system may initiate the “Compare” 327 component to allow usersto view and compare data associated with their material. The user mayalso document the results of the scan through the “Document” 328component of the UI, which provide users with the option of adding notesor other miscellaneous data relating to the measurement. For example, asshown in FIG. 21B, an image of the measured material may be added,wherein the image may be acquired by an image capture device integratedwith, or separate from but in communication with, the spectrometersystem. The UI may also present users with the option of running furtheranalyses of the material, through the UI component “Deeper results” 364.Further analyses may include, for example, analyses of specificnutritional attributes of a food item (e.g., percentage offat/carbohydrates/protein, number of calories), specific contribution ofa pharmaceutical product, or attributes of a plant (e.g., watercontent). The user may be given the option of selecting one or moretypes of analysis, for example by searching through a list of availableanalyses for the confirmed material. Alternatively or in combination,the system may automatically select one or more appropriate analysistools, based on the identity of the material. For example, the systemmay further comprise an image capture device such as a camera, and maybe configured to receive image data acquired by the image capturedevice, to use at least a portion of the image data in automaticallyselecting the appropriate analysis tools. In order to aid in theautomatic selection of the analysis tool, a processing device of thespectrometer system may be configured to recognize a characteristic ofthe material based on the image data. In embodiments where two or moredifferent types of analyses are selected, the selection of the analysistypes may be based on a predetermined hierarchy.

Once further analyses are completed, the UI can display the data for themeasured material through the “Material page” 380 component of the UI.The UI may optionally provide the user with actionable insight via the“Actionable insight” 384 component. FIGS. 21B and 21C show an exemplarymobile application UI screen corresponding to the “Material page” 380and “Actionable insight” 384 components of the UI (FIG. 21C shows thescreen of FIG. 21B scrolled down). As shown in FIG. 21B, the UI maydisplay results of the analysis, such as the identity and nutritionalcontent analysis of the material; some additional parameters that may bedisplayed in the results include an image of a material, a freshness ofa material, and a textual description of a material. In manyembodiments, a visual representation of the spectral data is alsodisplayed to the user. In many embodiments, the display of results alsoincludes a visualization of the map of matter of the component“Universe” 340. The UI may also provide the users with a way ofconnecting with other users interested in the measured material, throughthe “People<-->Material” 382 component. For example, the component mayenable users to participate in social messaging as shown in FIG. 21C,fostering conversations among system users related to the identifiedmaterial.

The “Actionable insight” 384 component may provide users with the optionof selecting one or more specific questions related to the measuredmaterial, such as those shown in FIG. 21C, whose answer may provide aninsight that can be used as basis for taking a certain course of action.For example, if the identified material is an apple with a relativelyhigh sugar content, the UI may inform the user that the user shouldselect/consume the apple if the user desires a sweet fruit, or,conversely, that the user should not select/consume the apple if theuser has a condition, such as diabetes, that would make the high sugarcontent an attribute that should be avoided. The UI may, optionally,have the ability to store personal data such as certain conditionsand/or preferences, such that the UI may automatically select anddisplay the most appropriate actionable insight for the specific user.The answer or actionable insight may be provided to the user via the“Specific answer to a question” 386 component. The component 386 mayalso be directly accessible via the “My Tools” 330 component, wherein aspecific analysis method may be chosen prior to initiating a scan, andthe user can directly obtain an answer or actionable insight to aspecific question regarding a specific material.

Sometimes, the component “Confirm” 362 may not yield a positiveconfirmation by the user. If the identity of the measured material doesnot actually match the material(s) that the system has found to be a“match”, the user may be prompted to provide basic information regardingthe measured material, through the component “Basic contribution” 368.Once the basic identity of the material has been provided, users mayoptionally be asked to contribute additional data, through the component“Contribute more data specific to the material/family” 378. Users may,for example, contribute metadata such as physical properties of thematerial, or image data. From here, users may be directed to “Materialpage” 380 where they may view information regarding the material ofinterest, and/or users may participate in socialconversations/interactions with other users of the system via thecomponent “People<-->Material” 382.

When a user generates spectral data through the “Scan” 350 component orcontributes non-spectral data through the “Basic contribution” 368and/or “Contribute more data” 378 components, the data may be added tothe universal database 119. Data may be automatically added to theuniversal database 119, while giving the user the option to keep thecontribution “private” (not accessible by other users of the system).Any data generated or contributed by a specific user may also be addedto the user's personal database of materials stored in the “MyMaterials” component. Data in a user's personal database may beconfigured to be kept private or to be shared with other users of thesystem. Alternatively, some of the data in the personal database may bekept private, while some may be shared with other users.

In order to maintain the integrity and validity of the data contained inthe universal database, a system check may be implemented before thedatabase is updated with the data from a scan. The system check may beinitiated, for example, at the “Document” 328 component (where newlygenerated spectral data is added to the database), or at the “BasicContribution” 368/“Contribute more data” 378 component (whereuser-contributed non-spectral data is added to the database). The systemcheck may, for example, comprise an outlier detection algorithm, whereindata for the relevant material family is sorted, and the new data pointis compared against the existing data to verify the validity of the newdata point (e.g., whether the new data point falls within a specifiedstandard deviation from the average of the existing data points). Anydata point identified as an “outlier” may be held back from being addedto the database, and/or “quarantined” in a location separate from theuniversal database. An “outlier” may comprise, for example, a data pointfor a known material that differs significantly from the mean data forthe material, or any data point for a previously unrecognizedmaterial/spectrum. A quarantined “outlier” data point may eventually beadded to the universal database, as data points previously recognized asoutliers may become recognized as valid as the size and breadth of theuniversal database grows over time. The system check for verifying thevalidity of new data may also be based on one or more conditionsassociated with collection of the acquired light spectrum, including atleast one of a temperature, a geographic location, a category of amaterial, a type of a material, a chemical composition, a time, anappearance of a material, a color of a material, a taste of a material,a smell of a material, and an observable characteristic associated witha material.

After performing a scan through the “Scan” 350 component, the system mayfail to find a match for the measured material's spectrum, in either the“Universe” database or the “My materials” database. In this case, the“Unrecognized by WIT” 360 component of the UI may be initiated. The usermay be directed to the “Basic contribution” 368 component of the UI,described in further detail herein, where the user may be asked tocontribute basic identity information (if known) regarding the sampledmaterial. If the sampled material is a known material with a previouslyunidentified spectrum, the UI may initiate the “Known but unidentifiedmaterial” 370 component, wherein the user may be asked to contributeadditional data relating to the material via the “Contribute more data”378 component. If the sampled material is a known material belonging toa known branch of the map of matter, the UI may initiate the “Knownbranch” 372 component, wherein the user may be asked to contributeadditional data relating to the material via the “Contribute more data”378 component. If the sampled material is a completely unknown materialthat doesn't appear to belong to any known branches comprising classesof classifications of the map of matter, the UI may initiate the“Unexplored territory” 374 component. The “Unexplored territory” 374component may direct the UI to run the “New project” 376 component,which can create a new, exploratory branch in the map of matter (e.g.,under the “Unexplored” 346 component of the “Universe” 340). The“Unexplored territory” 374 component may prompt the user to contributeas much information as possible regarding the material, including imagesand/or textual descriptions of the material.

The UI may further be configured to track user preferences and providerecommendations based on acquired light spectra. For example, a user mayscan a product to obtain a light spectrum, and based on the spectrumand/or pre-stored user preference data, the system may send the user arecommendation about the scanned product. The universal database may beconfigured to store spectroscopic data and associated preference datafor each system user, and a processing device of the system may beconfigured to receive a recommendation request from a device associatedwith a user, and generate and provide a recommendation based on theanalyzed data. The processing device of the system can be configured toreceive and process update requests for user preference settings. Forexample, a user may set his/her preferences regarding product trackingand recommendation functions through the “Me” component of the UI.

The UI may further provide means for supporting applications developmentby users, in order to encourage user involvement in developing andimproving the system databases, algorithms, and/or user interface.

The UI may provide support for chemometric applications development, forexample, for users/developers who are interested in developing newmodels, analysis algorithms, and/or databases of the materials they wantto support in their applications. Developers may first collect relevantsamples and measure them using the spectrometer system disclosed herein.Developers may then create a model or algorithm using a set ofalgorithms provided by the spectrometer system's infrastructure.Developers can test their model and see how well it functions, and thencorrect it to get optimal results. Once the model development iscompleted, developers can “publish” their model on the spectrometersystem's infrastructure and allow other users to use the model. Usersmay use the model as part of the spectrometer system's mobileapplication, or developers may also develop their own mobile applicationthat can run the developed model. If developers choose to develop theirown mobile application, the newly created mobile application maycommunicate with the spectrometer system's infrastructure to run themodel.

The UI may also provide support for mobile applications development, forusers/developers who are interested in using the existing databasestructure and analysis algorithms to build new mobile applications.Developers may take advantage of existing chemometric applicationsand/or models to create a new user interface and a new user experience,possibly with new related content. Developers may “publish” their newmobile application on the spectrometer system's infrastructure, allowingothers to access and use their mobile app.

The UI may also provide an option for researchers (“Researcher Mode”),where researchers are provided with the ability to generate their owndatabase, then download the raw data of the database for their own use,outside of the spectrometer system's infrastructure. Such an option canprovide researchers with maximum flexibility in handling data.

FIGS. 22A-22F show a method 500 for the processor of a hand held deviceto provide the user interface 300 for the spectrometer system, asdescribed herein.

Referring to FIG. 22A, at step 510, the UI is initialized, for exampleby a user starting a mobile application providing the UI, and the “Home”310 component is presented to the user as described herein. The “Home”310 component may present the user with the options of selecting one of“Me”, “My Tools”, “Universe”, or “Scan”.

At step 520, “Me” is selected from step 510, and the user is directed tothe “Me” 320 component of the UI, as described herein. “Me” 320 mayprovide access to one or more of “My profile” 322, “Mystatus/privileges/awards” 324, and “My materials” 326. At step 522, the“My profile” 322 component is executed, as described herein. At step524, the “My status/privileges/awards” component 324 is executed, asdescribed herein. At step 526, the “My materials” 326 component isexecuted, as described herein. “My materials” 326 may provide access toone or more of “Compare” 327, “Document” 328, or “Track” 329. At step527, the “Compare” 327 component of the UI is executed, as describedherein. At step 528, the “Document” 328 component of the UI is executed,as described herein. At step 529, the “Track” 329 component of the UI isexecuted, as described herein.

Now referring to FIG. 22B, at step 530, “My Tools” is selected from step510, and the user is directed to the “My tools” 530 component of the UI,as described herein. At step 532, an analysis method is selected by theuser from the UI component “Find” 332, as described herein. At step 550,the “Scan” 350 component of the UI is executed, as described herein,using the analysis method selected at step 532. At step 586, the“Specific answer to a question” 386 component of the UI is executed asdescribed herein, wherein the user is presented with an actionableinsight.

Now referring to FIG. 22C, at step 540, “Universe” is selected from step510, and the user is directed to the “Universe” 340 component of the UI,as described herein. At step 542, the “Developing branches” 342component is executed, as described herein. At step 544, the “Maturebranches” 344 component is executed, as described herein. At step 546,the “Unexplored branches” 346 component is executed, as describedherein.

Now referring to FIG. 22D, at step 550, “Scan” is selected from step510, and the user is directed to the “Scan” 350 component of the UI, asdescribed herein. At step 552, the “What is it?” 352 component isexecuted, as described herein. At step 554, the “Result” 354 componentis executed, as described herein. “Result” 354 may provide access to oneor more of “Similar in universe” 356, “Similar in my materials” 355, or“Unrecognized by WIT” 360. At step 556, the “Similar in universe” 356component is executed, as described herein, wherein the user may beprovided with the option of selecting between “Universe” 340 and“Confirm” 362. At step 555, the “Similar in my materials” 355 componentmay be executed, as described herein. At step 555, the user may beprovided with the option of selecting between “My materials” 326 or“Confirm” 362. At step 560, the “Unrecognized by WIT” 360 component ofthe UI is executed, as described herein.

Now referring to FIG. 22E, at step 562, the “Confirm” 362 component ofthe UI is executed. At step 562, the user may be provided with theoption of selecting one or more of “Compare” 327, “Deeper results” 364,or “Basic contribution” 368. At step 527, the “Compare” 327 component ofthe UI is executed, as described herein. At subsequent step 528, the“Document” 328 component of the UI is executed, as described herein. Atstep 564, the “Deeper results” 364 component of the UI is executed, asdescribed herein. At step 564, the user may select between “Materialpage” 380 or “Actionable insight” 384. At step 584, the “Actionableinsight” 384 component of the UI is executed, as described herein. Atsubsequent step 586, the “Specific answer to a question” 386 componentof the UI is executed, as described herein. At step 580, the “Materialpage” 380 component of the UI is executed, as described herein. Atsubsequent step 582, the “People<-->Material” 382 component of the UI isexecuted, as described herein. At 568, the “Basic contribution” 368component of the UI is executed, as described herein. At subsequent step578, the “Contribute more data specific to the material/family” 378component of the UI is executed, as described herein. Subsequent to step578, the user may be directed to step 582, as described herein.

Now referring to FIG. 22F, at step 560, the “Unrecognized by WIT” 360component of the UI is executed. At step 560, the user may be directedto one of the UI components “Known but unidentified material” 370,“Known branch” 372, or “Unexplored territory” 374. At step 370, the“Known but unidentified material” 370 component of the UI is executed,as described herein. At step 372, the “Known branch” 372 component ofthe UI is executed, as described herein. Subsequent to steps 370 or 372,the user may be directed to the component “Contribute more data” 378 instep 578, as described herein. At step 574, the “Unexplored territory”374 component of the UI is executed, as described herein. At subsequentstep 576, the “New project” 376 component of the UI is executed, asdescribed herein.

Although the above steps show a method 500 of providing the UI 300 inaccordance with embodiments, a person of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize many variations based on the teachings described herein. Thesteps may be completed in a different order. Steps may be added ordeleted. Some of the steps may comprise sub-steps of other steps. Manyof the steps may be repeated as often as desired by the user.

Applications of the Compact Spectrometer System

The spectrometer system herein disclosed may be integrated into variousdevices and products across many industries. In order to facilitate theuse of the system in various applications, the spectrometer system 100may comprise a processor comprising instructions for performing varioustypes of analyses for various applications. Some examples of theseapplications are described herein, but are in no way exhaustive.

Because of its small size and low cost, the spectrometer may beintegrated into appliances commonly used in these various applications.For example, for food-related applications, the pocket size spectrometermay be integrated into kitchen appliances such as ovens (e.g. microwaveovens), food processors, and refrigerators. The user can then make adetermination of the safety of the ingredients in real time during thecourse of food storage and preparation.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may be used for agriculturalapplications. For example, the spectrometer system may be used toestimate the total solid solubles or “Brix” content in fruit. The pocketsized, hand-held spectrometer can easily be used to non-destructivelymeasure the solid soluble content or water content of unpicked fruits,yielding information regarding the ripeness or firmness of the fruits.This will allow the farmer to monitor the fruits in a fast way anddecide on appropriate picking time with no need to destroy products.Another example of an agricultural application for the spectrometersystem is the field measurement of fertilization status of plants, suchas grains, coffee, spinces, oil-seeds, or forage. The hand-heldspectrometer can be used to obtain information about the fertilizationstatus of the plant by non-destructively measuring the near infrared(NIR) spectrum of the plant. The spectral signature of components suchas nitrogen, phosphate, and potash can be analyzed to provide thefertilization status per plant. The spectrometer system may also be usedfor field measurements of plant status. A pocket-sized spectrometer canallow on-line in-field spectrum analysis of the different parts of theplants, and can be used for early detection of plants stress anddiseases development. The spectrometer system may also be useful forproviding soil analysis. Fast in-field analysis of the soil spectrumusing the hand-held spectrometer may provide a tool to monitorfertilization, watering, and salinity of the soil in many points in thefield. Such an analysis can provide a powerful decision tool forfarmers. The spectrometer may also be used for analyzing milk, forexample for analyzing the fat or melamine content of the milk.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may be used for home gardeningapplications. For example, the spectrometer may be used to analyze thewater content in leaves. The pocket-size spectrometer can be used toobtain the spectra of the leaves, and the spectral signature of watercan be used to estimate the water content in the leaves. Such a tool cangive the user a direct access to the plant's watering status. Asdiscussed above, the spectrometer system may also be used to analyzesoil. The spectral signature of water, nitrogen, phosphate, and potash,and other relevant soil components can be detected by a pocket sizespectrometer. By scanning the soil with the spectrometer, the user maybe able to estimate the watering and fertilization status of the soil.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may be used for pharmaceuticalapplications. For example, the spectrometer system may be used toidentify pills. Scanning medications with pocket size spectrometer canreveal the unique spectral signature that each medication has. The pillmay be placed in a close and adjusted cave to enhance the signal that isreflected from it, and an analysis of the pill may be performed. Thespectral signature of the pill can provide an exact and reliable way toidentify the pill, thus helping to prevent confusion between similarmedications and/or the use of counterfeit medications. Another exampleof a pharmaceutical application of the spectrometer system is theidentification of active ingredients levels in Cannabis. The activeingredients (e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD)) ofCannabis can impose unique features on the spectral range of both thewet (unpicked) inflorescence and on its dried form. Scanning theinflorescence with the hand-held spectrometer can provide a fast andaccurate estimation of the content of the active ingredients in theinflorescence.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may be used in food analysisapplications. For example, the spectrometer may be used to obtainnutrient information of food. Fats, carbohydrates, water, and proteinshave detectable spectral signatures. Scanning the food with a pocketsize spectrometer, in tandem with on-line analysis of the spectrum, canprovide an immediate way to get the food's macro-nutrients estimation,including accurate estimation of its caloric value. Another example of afood analysis application for the spectrometer system is oil qualityassurance. Detecting changes of the spectrum of cooking oils by scanningthe oils with pocket size spectrometer can give the users access tochemical changes of the oxidation and acidity levels of the oil.Analysis of these changes can provide an immediate and accurate oilquality measurement. The spectrometer system may also be used to monitorfood quality. Bacterial by-products and enzymatic processes can leavechemical traces in the food, which may have unique spectral signatures.Analyzing these chemical fingerprints by scanning the food with pocketsize spectrometer can be used to detect these changes and provideinformation on the food's quality. The spectrometer system can also beused to determine the ripeness of fruits. Enzymatic processes andchanges in the water content can be detected by scanning a fruit withpocket size spectrometer, giving an accurate estimation of the fruit'sripeness level. The spectrometer system can also be used for gutter oilidentification. The fatty acids composition (FAC) of oils determines theoils' spectra. Thus, the spectrum of an oil can be used to identify theFAC and by that to identify the type of the oil. In particular gutteroil can be identified as different types of edible oils. A pocket sizespectrometer with on-line spectrum analysis can thus be used to detectand identify gutter oils. The spectrometer system may also be used toensure food safety. The existence of hazardous materials in foodproducts can be detected by scanning the food with the spectrometer andanalyzing the resultant spectrum. Similarly, the spectrometer can beused to determine pet food quality. The pocket size spectrometer can beused to analyze the content of pet-food, such as the amount of meat andmacro-nutrients in the food. Analysis of the spectral signature of thefood can verify the food content and quality.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may also be used in gemologyapplications. For example, the spectrometer may be used in theauthentication of gems. Gems have different spectra than look-alikecounterfeits. Scanning a gem with spectrometer can verify theauthenticity of the gem and provide its declared quality, by comparingthe spectrum of the measured gem with the spectra of gems of knownidentity and quality, pre-loaded in the database. The spectrometer canbe used to sort multiple gems according to their quality. The quality ofgems can be determined by analyzing the gem's spectrum, since impuritiesand processing can affect the spectral signature of the gem. Scanningmultiple gems with a pocket size spectrometer gems can enable a quickyet rigorous classification of the gems according to their spectra.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may also be used in lawenforcement applications. For example, the spectrometer may be used toidentify explosives. A pocket size spectrometer can provide the lawenforcement personnel with an immediate analysis of the spectrum of thepotential explosives. The spectrum of the material in question can becompared to an existing database of spectra of explosive materials.Uploading the explosive's spectrum can be used to link explosives thatwere found in different times and places, because of the unique spectraof non-standard explosives. The spectrometer can also provide the lawenforcement personnel a fast and accurate way to identify illegal drugs.This is done by analyzing the spectrum of the material in question andcomparing the spectrum to an existing database of drug spectra.Uploading the sampled drug's spectrum can be used to link drugsidentified in different cases, because of the unique spectra that thedrugs may have (resulting, for example, from adulteration with powders,processing, etc.).

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may also be used inauthentication applications. For example, the spectrometer may be usedfor the authentication of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholic beverages ofdifferent brands have unique chemical compositions, determined by themany factors including the source of the ingredients and the processingof the ingredients. A pocket size spectrometer can provide these uniquechemical signatures, providing a fast authentication procedure forverifying an expected alcoholic beverage composition. For example, thespectrometer may be configured to detect an amount of methanol orgamma-hydroxybutyric acid present in a beverage. The user may scan theproduct, and the spectrum can be instantly analyzed and compared tospectra from a pre-loaded database, and within seconds a proof oforiginality can be provided. The spectrometer system may also be used toobtain infrared spectra of goods, to serve as proofs of originality.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may also be used in healthcareapplications. For example, the spectrometer may be used for body fatestimation. Total body fat may be estimated by measuring the thicknessof the subcutaneous adipose tissue at various locations of the humanbody. This can be done by scanning the skin in various places withpocket size spectrometer, and analyzing the spectra. The spectrometermay also be used to identify dehydration. A direct, non-invasivemeasurement of fluid balance may be obtained by observing skin surfacemorphology, which is associated with water content. A pocket-sizedspectrometer can be used to scan the skin surface and therebycontinuously monitor the dehydration level. A pocket size spectrometercan also provide a fast way to measure blood componentsnon-destructively. The spectrometer can scan the sample inside testtubes, preserving the samples for further laboratory analysis. Such ananalysis can yield immediate results that may be less accurate thanlaboratory test results, but can be followed up and verified by the labtest results at a later time point. For example, hemoglobin analysis canbe performed using a pocket size spectrometer, which can identifyhemoglobin levels in blood by taking non-invasive scans of bloodsamples. The small size and ease of use of the spectrometer can enable acontinuous monitoring of hemoglobin levels, alerting the user to sharpchanges in the levels and potential anemia. The spectrometer can also beused for analyzing the skin for various properties. For example,scanning the skin with the spectrometer can provide a direct way toanalyze lesions, wounds, moles and spots, allowing a user to examineskin issues like tissue hypoxia, deep tissue injury, melanoma, etc.,from home. In addition, skin analysis using the spectrometer may providecosmetic information that allows customization of cosmetic products.Similarly, the spectrometer may provide a way to analyze hair. Scanningthe hair with a pocket size spectrometer can provide valuableinformation about the hair (type, condition, damage, etc.) that can beused to customize cosmetic products like shampoo, conditioner, or otherhair products.

The spectrometer may also be used for urine analysis at home. Aspectrometer as disclosed herein may allow an immediate analysis ofvarious solutes in the urine such as sodium, potassium, creatinine, andurea. In particular, a method 600 of urine salt analysis, as shown inFIG. 23, can be a useful tool for monitoring blood pressure. High bloodpressure may be correlated with high levels of oral sodium intake, whichcan lead to high levels of sodium and potassium in the urine. However,an accurate determination of sodium intake via urine analysis can bedifficult, as the absolute levels of sodium and potassium in the urinemay be affected by confounding factors such as the volume of fluidsconsumed. In order to determine the levels of sodium and potassium inthe urine that are truly correlated with sodium intake, measured levelsof sodium and potassium may be normalized by measured levels ofcreatinine in the urine. For example, at step 610, a urine sample may bescanned using the spectrometer system described herein. At step 620, thespectrometer system may determine the level of creatinine in the urinebased on the light spectrum of the urine sample. Similarly, at step 630,the spectrometer system may determine the level of sodium in the urine;at step 640, the spectrometer system may determine the level ofpotassium in the urine. At step 650, the level of sodium may benormalized, by dividing by the level of creatinine; similarly, at step660, the level of potassium may be normalized, by dividing by the levelof creatinine. The user interface may present to the usercreatinine-normalized sodium and potassium levels in the urine, asindicators of the user's sodium intake. A spectrometer system configuredto perform urine analysis methods such as method 600 can enable thecontinuous monitoring of urine solutes from home, as a way of monitoringrelated health conditions such as high blood pressure. The method 600 ofurine salt analysis may also be performed using an electro-chemicalsensor comprising parts of the spectrometer system described herein. Thespectrometer or electro-chemical sensor may be embedded in a urinaland/or a toilet, in order to perform urine analysis as described herein.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may also be used for fuelquality monitoring. For example, the spectrometer may be used todetermine a type of fuel, a contaminant level, octane level, cetanelevel, or other substance composition. The spectrometer system for suchapplications may be configured for integration with a vehicle component.The vehicle component may be a fuel system component, such as a fueltank, fuel line, or fuel injector of the vehicle.

The spectrometer system disclosed herein may also be used for monitoringpower components. For example, the spectrometer may be used to determinethe condition associated with a fluid of a power converting component.

Experimental Data

FIG. 24 shows exemplary spectra of plums and cheeses, suitable forincorporation in accordance with embodiments. The spectra of variouscheeses 710 and the spectra of various plums 720 are shown to havecharacteristic features specific to the material type. Characteristicfeatures include, for example, the general shape of the spectra, thenumber of peaks and valleys in the spectra within a certain wavelengthrange, and the corresponding wavelengths or wavelength ranges of saidpeaks and valleys of the spectra. Based on such characteristic features,a spectrometer system as described herein can determine the generalidentity (e.g., “cheese”, “plum”) of a sampled material, by comparingthe measured spectral data against the spectral data of variousmaterials stored in the universal database, as described herein. WhileFIG. 24 shows the spectra of plums and cheeses in the wavelength rangeof about 830 nm to about 980 nm, the spectra may be analyzed at anywavelength range that comprises one or more differences between thecharacteristic features of the spectra of the different materials.

FIG. 25 shows exemplary spectra of cheeses comprising various fatlevels, suitable for incorporation in accordance with embodiments. Thespectra share general characteristic features in the wavelength range ofabout 840 nm to about 970 nm that enable their identification as spectraof cheeses 710, but also have differences in their features thatcorrespond to differences in the fat levels of the measured cheeses. Inthe spectra shown in FIG. 25, the spectra trend from having relativelylower fat content to relatively higher fat content in the directionindicated by arrow 712. For example, the spectra of cheeses havinghigher fat levels tend to have more distinct secondary peaks 714compared to the secondary peaks 716 of the spectra of cheeses havinglower fat levels. The secondary peaks 714 of the high-fat cheeses alsotend to be shifted to the right (i.e., to higher wavelengths) comparedto the secondary peaks 716 of the low-fat cheeses; in FIG. 25, thesecondary peaks 714 of the high-fat cheeses are centered at around 920nm, whereas the secondary peaks 716 of the low-fat cheeses are centeredat around 900 nm.

FIG. 26 shows exemplary spectra of plums comprising various sugarlevels, suitable for incorporation in accordance with embodiments. Thespectra share general characteristic features in the wavelength range ofabout 860 nm to about 980 nm that enable their identification as spectraof plums 720, but also have differences in their features thatcorrespond to differences in the sugar levels of the measured plums. Inthe spectra shown in FIG. 26, the spectra trend from having relativelylower sugar content to relatively higher sugar content in the directionindicated by arrow 722. For example, the spectra of plums having highersugar levels tend to be shifted to the right (i.e., to higherwavelengths) by approximately 5-7 nm compared to the spectra of plumshaving lower sugar levels.

As shown in FIGS. 25 and 26, differences in one or more spectralfeatures among spectra of the same general material type can provideinformation regarding the different levels of sub-components (e.g., fat,sugar) of the material. The spectrometer system as described herein mayidentify such differences by comparing the measured spectral dataagainst the spectral data of a specific material type stored in theuniversal database, and provide the user with information regarding thecomposition of the measured material.

FIGS. 27-29 show exemplary spectra of various components of urine in anaqueous solution, suitable for incorporation into a method of urineanalysis in accordance with embodiments. For example, the spectrometersystem may be used to detect the levels of creatinine, sodium, andpotassium in a sample of urine, and the sodium and potassium levels maybe normalized with respect to the creatinine levels in order to providea meaningful measure of the user's salt intake. Such a method for urineanalysis using the spectrometer system is described in further detailherein with reference to FIG. 23.

FIG. 27 shows exemplary spectra of aqueous solutions comprising variouslevels of creatinine, suitable for incorporation in accordance withembodiments. The spectra share general characteristic features in thewavelength range of about 1620 nm to about 1730 nm that enable theiridentification as spectra of solutions containing creatinine 730, butalso have differences in their features that correspond to differencesin the relative levels of the measured creatinine. In the spectra shownin FIG. 27, the spectra trend from having relatively lower creatininelevels to relatively higher creatinine levels in the direction indicatedby arrow 732. For example, the spectra of solutions having higher levelsof creatinine tend to have higher peaks 734, centered at about 1703 nm,compared to the corresponding peaks 735, also centered at about 1703 nm,of the spectra of solutions having lower levels of creatinine. Also, thespectra of solutions having higher levels of creatinine tend to havelower valleys 736, centered at about 1677 nm, compared to thecorresponding valleys 737, also centered at about 1677 nm, of thespectra of solutions having lower levels of creatinine.

FIG. 28 shows exemplary spectra of aqueous solutions comprising variouslevels of sodium, suitable for incorporation in accordance withembodiments. The spectra share general characteristic features in thewavelength range of about 1350 nm to about 1550 nm that enable theiridentification as spectra of solutions containing sodium 740, but alsohave differences in their features that correspond to differences in therelative levels of the measured sodium. In the spectra shown in FIG. 28,the spectra trend from having relatively lower sodium levels torelatively higher sodium levels in the direction indicated by arrow 742.For example, the spectra of solutions having higher levels of sodiumtend to have higher peaks 744 (centered at about 1388 nm) and 746(centered at about 1450 nm) compared to the corresponding peaks 745(centered at about 1390 nm) and 747 (centered at about 1444 nm) of thespectra of solutions having lower levels of sodium. Also, the spectra ofsolutions having higher levels of sodium tend to have lower valleys 748(centered at about 1415 nm) compared to the corresponding valleys 749(centered at about 1415 nm) of the spectra of solutions having lowerlevels of sodium.

FIG. 29 shows exemplary spectra of aqueous solutions comprising variouslevels of potassium, suitable for incorporation in accordance withembodiments. The spectra share general characteristic features in thewavelength range of about 820 nm to about 980 nm that enable theiridentification as spectra of solutions containing potassium 750, butalso have differences in their features that correspond to differencesin the relative levels of the measured sodium. In the spectra shown inFIG. 29, the spectra trend from having relatively lower potassium levelsto relatively higher potassium levels in the direction indicated byarrow 752. For example, the spectra of solutions having higher levels ofpotassium tend to have higher peaks 754 (centered at about 942 nm)compared to the corresponding peaks 755 (centered at about 942 nm) ofthe spectra of solutions having lower levels of potassium. Also, thespectra of solutions having higher levels of potassium tend to havelower valleys 756 (centered at about 968 nm) compared to thecorresponding valleys 757 (centered at about 968 nm) of the spectra ofsolutions having lower levels of potassium.

As shown in FIGS. 27-29, differences in one or more spectral featuresamong spectra of solutions having similar general compositions (e.g.,creatinine, sodium, potassium) can provide a means for obtaining arelative measurement of the level of each component. The spectrometersystem as described herein may identify such differences by comparingthe measured spectral data against the spectral data for a specificmaterial component stored in the universal database, and provide theuser with information regarding the composition of the measured sample.

The spectra of cheeses shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 have been acquired usinga spectrometer system and device in accordance with embodiments. Thespectra of plums, shown in FIGS. 24 and 26, and the spectra ofcreatinine, sodium, and potassium in aqueous solutions, shown in FIGS.27-29, show spectra suitable for incorporation in accordance withembodiments described herein, and a person of ordinary skill in the artcan configure the spectrometer to make suitable spectral measurementswithout undue experimentation. For example, in order to providemeasurements of creatinine levels as described herein, the spectrometerdevice may be configured to comprise a combination of the variousoptical structures disclosed herein. One such exemplary configurationmay comprise a filter-based optics structure as described herein,combined with multiple illumination sources as described herein. Anotherexemplary configuration may comprise modifying the filter-based opticsstructure disclosed herein to enable its detection of a lower-intensitysignal of creatinine that falls within the detected wavelength range ofthe optical system. Alternatively or in combination, a substance may beadded to urine samples to increase the signal intensity of the samplesat the wavelength ranges detected by the optical systems describedherein.

In many embodiments, the processor of the spectrometer system can beconfigured with instructions to perform specific steps in order toprovide actionable insights or information to the user. For example, forthe urine analysis method as described herein, the processor may beconfigured to compare the ratio of sodium to creatinine, in order tonormalize the results presented to the user.

Although the detailed description contains many specifics, these shouldnot be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure but merely asillustrating different examples and aspects of the present disclosure.It should be appreciated that the scope of the disclosure includes otherembodiments not discussed in detail above. Various other modifications,changes and variations which will be apparent to those skilled in theart may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methodand apparatus of the present disclosure provided herein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention as describedherein.

While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shownand described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the artthat such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will be apparent to those skilledin the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments ofthe present disclosure described herein may be employed withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scopeof the present invention shall be defined solely by the scope of theappended claims and the equivalents thereof.

1. A server-based spectroscopic system, the system comprising: a sensordevice comprising an optical spectrometer configured to receive lightfrom a material and transform the light into a spatially encodedspectrum; and; a server configured to receive and analyze a spectrumassociated with the spatially encoded spectrum. 2-18. (canceled)
 19. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the optical spectrometer comprises a filtermatrix, a lens array, and one or more detectors.
 20. The system of claim19, wherein the filter matrix comprises a plurality of filter elements,a first filter element being responsive to wavelengths of light within afirst wavelength range and a second filter element being responsive towavelengths of light within a second wavelength range.
 21. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the second wavelength range overlaps the firstwavelength range by 1% to 5%.
 22. The system of claim 20, wherein thefirst wavelength range and the second wavelength range are within aspectral range of 10 nm to 1600 nm.
 23. The system of claim 20, whereinthe lens array comprises a plurality of lenses, each lens of theplurality of lenses corresponding to a respective filter of the filtermatrix.
 24. The system of claim 20, wherein the optical spectrometercomprises a plurality of detectors, each detector configured to receivelight output.
 25. The system of claim 19, wherein the sensor devicecomprises a processing device configured to generate or reconstruct thespectrum based on the spatially encoded spectrum.
 26. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the material is an agricultural product.
 27. The systemof claim 1, wherein the spectrum corresponds to one or more chemical orphysical properties of the material.
 28. The system of claim 1, whereinthe optical spectrometer has dimensions smaller than 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm. 29.The system of claim 1, further comprising a communication deviceconfigured to transmit the spectrum to the server.
 30. The system ofclaim 29, wherein the communication device comprises a mobile phone. 31.The system of claim 29, wherein the communication device is configuredto receive the spectrum from the sensor device using a wirelesscommunication.
 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the communicationdevice is configured to transmit the spectrum to the server wirelessly.33. The system of claim 1, wherein the server comprises an updatabledatabase of spectra associated with agricultural products.
 34. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the server is configured to receive spatiallyencoded spectra from a plurality of sensors, each comprising an opticalspectrometer.
 35. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor has awarm-up time of less than 5 seconds.
 36. The system of claim 19, whereinthe optical spectrometer further comprises a light source.
 37. Thesystem of claim 36, wherein the light source comprises one or morelight-emitting diodes or one or more lasers.
 38. The system of claim 1,wherein the spatially encoded spectrum is a 2-dimensional (2D) spatiallyencoded spectrum.